South Africa Rights and Protest Noun Check

segregation

separation of races due to the color of one's skin; was less severe than apartheid but was its beginning stages

migrant labor

workers from rural areas who signed contracts to work on the mines for a fixed period and then returned home again; they had to live in 'compounds' that provided basic accommodation and strict controls over labor

passes

Controlled the movement of black workers from rural areas. This system formed the basis for much of the segregation and apartheid legislation during the 20th century. Used as a form of control over slaves in the early Cape Colony; they were first used systematically on a large scale at the Kimberley diamond mines

Afrikaners

Descendents of the Dutch and French who settled in South Africa in the 17th century

pass laws

these laws controlled the movement of Africans from the reserves to the cities

"locations" or townships

where Africans living in urban areas had to live in. Housing and amenities in the locations were inferior to those in other areas. They were often situated far from places of work, causing great expense and hardship to people who were forced to live there

colour bar

segregation in the workplace; the reservation of certain categories of work for white workers

civilized labour policy

gave white workers a protected place in the economy. They were given preference for jobs in government departments, such as the railways, and thousands of black workers were dismissed and replaced by whites

1913 Land Act

set aside certain areas as 'reserves', which were the only places where Africans could own land. They covered only 7 percent of the country; destroyed the independence of black peasant farmers and forced them onto the cheap labor market, as workers on white-owned farms or in the mines

reserves

the only areas where Africans could own land

native law

ensured that Africans had segregated legal and administrative systems under the Separate Tribal Council created in the Land Act of 1936 extension.

constitution of the Union of South Africa

Document that stated that only whites had the right to vote (except in the Cape Province, where men of other races could qualify to vote) and only whites were allowed in parliament or government

Natives' Representative Council (RNC)

represented Africans after they lost the right to vote, but it had limited advisory powers only; all Africans lost the opportunity to gain political rights

Jan Smuts

Former Boer general who served as prime minister from 1939 until 1948. He was highly regarded in Allied circles and was made a field marshal of the British Empire, but many Afrikaners regarded him as being too pro

United Party

Ruling party during WW2 that was divided over the issue of joining the war

coalition

a government formed by two or more political parties.Smuts formed a wartime coalition government, supported by most English

informal settlements

also called squatter camps — are places on the outskirts of towns and cities where people build their own houses; they are a common feature of developing countries at times of rapid urbanisation.

1946 Mineworkers' strike

involved 75,000 workers in the gold mines of the Witwatersrand. They were demanding the official recognition of their union and their right to strike, a minimum wage, safer working conditions, and improved living conditions. The government forcefully crushed the strike. 12 killed, 1000 injured. Alarmed whited companies and white voters

Witwatersrand

gold mines that were the location of the 1946 Mineworkers' Strike

National Party

party that won in the 1948 election and introduced policies of apartheid

apartheid ideology

policy of strict separation of the races, under white domination

Black Peril

National Party's political strategy of playing on white fears of being outnumbered by the majority black population

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

One of the first apartheid laws passed. It made marriages between whites and people of other races illegal

Immorality Act (1950)

This apartheid law made sexual relations between whites and people of other races illegal

Population Registration Act (1950)

classified all South Africans into race groups — white, coloured, Indian and African

identity cards

people were required to carry this item that stated their racial classification. The racial classification determined what opportunities people had in life. It determined where they could live and what sort of work they could do, as well as which schools or hospitals they could attend

Zulu

They are descendants of the Bantu people and are the largest ethnic group in SA.An ethnic group that was classified under the Population Registration Act 1950. They had to have identity cards that stated race classification.

Xhosa

a member of a South African people traditionally living in the Eastern Cape Province. They form the second largest ethnic group in South Africa after the Zulus.

Malay

"Cape Malays also known as Cape Muslims or Malays, are a Muslim community or ethnic group in South Africa. "

Griqua

The Griquas are a subgroup of heterogeneous former Khoe speaking nations in Southern Africa with a unique origin in the early history of the Cape Colony

Group Areas Act (1950)

demarcated separate residential areas for each race group.

Sophiatown

Multiracial suburb near Johannesburg where non

District Six

Neighborhood in Cape Town where colored residents were forced to move from to go to townships. The area was bulldozed to make way for white housing

Abolition of Passes Act (1952)

strengthened the pass system by consolidating all existing forms of passes and permits into a single pass or reference book. The aim was to control the movement of Africans from the reserves to other parts of the country.

Native Affairs Department

Recorded any changes that were made to passes that Africans had to carry under the Abolision of Passes Act 1954

Transvaal

Where prison farms were established and many were sent there to work

Separate Amenities Act (1953)

Facilities and services were allocated for 'whites' or 'non-whites”

'race group'

The classification group that people were placed under in the Separate Amenities Act. Restaurants/ Cinemas/ etc could only serve one

Bantu Education Act (1953)

specified a separate curriculum for African children. It was designed to prepare them to be manual labourers.

Separate Universities Act (1959)

forced students to study at separate universities.

"open" universities

"Schools that could be attended by students of all races before the Separate Universities Act, like Cape Town, Natal, and Witwatersrand."

University of Fort Hare

"A school designated for Xhosa students by the Separate Universities Act. Before that, intellectuals like Mandela and Sisulu went here."

Section 10 of the Native Laws Amendment Act (1952)

"prevented Africans from staying in an urban area for more than seventy

'endorsed out'

"If no jobs were available to jobseekers they were sent to reserves. This was known as ""influx control"" by the government "

Group Areas Act

"demarcated separate residential areas for each race group."

Natives Resettlement Act (1954)

"people were forced to leave mixed areas, where they had owned land and houses and, moved to townships "

Meadowlands

Location where people were taken during the resettlement act. It is now part of Soweto (South Western Township)

(part of Soweto)

A shortened version of South Western Township

Triomf

New white suburb that would replace the demolished Sophiatown.

Cato Manor (Mkhumbande)

"A black suburb that the government thought was too close to the city center of Durban, so residents were moved to the new township of KwaMashu."

KwaMashu

The township that black residents of Cato Manor were forced to move to.

'coloured' community

"People, who were not white, who were forced out of Cape Town and into the Suburb of District 6,"

South Africans to India

"The first policy by the Nationalist Party in 1948, which focused on sending Indians back to India and was abandoned in 1961"

Department of Indian Affairs

Established to accommodate Indians within the framework of separate development after policies of sending people back to India were ineffective.

South African Indian Council

"A partially elected council; this council was a purely advisory body that had no effective powers, and it failed to satisfy the demands of the Indian population for proper political representation."

Durban

Where most of the Indian population lived

Chatsworth

The location where Indians were forced to move to when they were moved out of Durban during the Group areas Act

'separate development'

"This was based on the idea that every black South African belonged to a separate 'national' group, each with its own language and traditions. Each group should have its own 'homeland' (or Bantustan), which would be politically separate from the rest of South Africa,"

homeland (Bantustan)

a seprate homeland for every national group

Hendrik Verwoerd

The driving force behind the policy of separate developement and the Minister of Native Affairs.

Bantu Authorities Act (1951)

abolished the Natives' Representative Council and gave more power to traditional chiefs in the reserves.

Tomlinson Commission (1950-1956)

"Commission appointed by the government to investigate how the homelands could be economically self-sufficient. It recommended that for them to be economically viable, the homelands be enlarged, consolidated, and invested in, but the government ignored this."

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959)

The reserves were to become self governing states (Bantustans) in which black people could exercise their political right rather than in white South Africa

homeland system

"a means of maintaining white control by creating divisions among the black majority — the principle of 'divide and rule'. Another aim of the homeland system was to provide a cheap source of labor for the mines, industries, and farms of 'white' South Africa."

'divide & rule'

creating divisions among the black majority

Cape

"Area consituting the territory around Cape Town and much of southern South Africa. Before voting restrictions, it was the only place blacks could vote."

Union of South Africa

The new ruling government over all of South Africa was created by the White Afrikaner which Cape refused to join unless racial voting rights were guaranteed

'entrenched' clause

What allowed Cape to join the Union of South Africa and could only be changed by 2/3 majority in parliament

Separate Representation of Voters Bill (1951)

"Was first introduced to parliament in 1951, and passed with a majority. Was challenged by the Appeal Court and declared invalid. "removed coloured voters from the common voters' roll in the Cape and established a separate voters' roll for them. Coloured voters could now elect four white MPs to represent them in parliament. The government established a Department of Coloured Affairs and later a Coloured Persons' Representative Council.

High Court of Parliament Bill

"Was introduced to give parliament overrule decisions over the court, was deemed invalid by the appeal courts"

Senate Act (1955)

"increased the size of the Senate (the upper house of parliament) from forty

Separate Representation of Voters Act (1956)

"Was first introduced to parliament in 1951, and passed with a majority. Was challenged by the Appeal Court and declared invalid. "removed coloured voters from the common voters' roll in the Cape and established a separate voters' roll for them. Coloured voters could now elect four white MPs to represent them in parliament. The government established a Department of Coloured Affairs and later a Coloured Persons' Representative Council.

Department of Coloured Affairs and later Coloured Persons' Representative Council

"An advisory established by the government as consolation for the Separate Representation of Voters' Act, but which had little legislative power, and needed white approval."

Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA)

Was formed in 1921 by radical white workers/ European socialists inspired by the Bolshevik revolution and attracted non

Suppression of Communism Act

Created in 1950 which banned the communist party and the spread of communistic ideas. Was so broad that anything could be defined as communism.

'restriction orders'

"A state power granted by the Suppresion of Communism Act that forced people to not leave a certain district, this was used alongside House arrest to suppress critics."

'banned' people

"Banned meant that people were barred from office, politcal organizations, had their writtings and newspapers banned."

Oliver Tambo

One of the founders of the CYL (Congress Youth League). Later Banned and exiled by the government. Apart of the Treason Trail. Studied at Fort Hare like Mandela.

Soviet Consulate in Pretoria

DF Malan Promised to rid South Africa of Russia influence and blamed the Consulate for Communism. After Supression of Communism Act the gov restricted entry of people inside recorded all visitors.

D.F. Malan

This man was a National Party prime minister and the Cape leader of the party. His early legislation was the framework for apartheid.

Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953)

Made it illegal for companies to recognize African trade unions or negotiate with them which made african trade unions useless.

Criminal Law Amendment Act (1953)

"provided for terms of imprisonment, fines or floggings for people who broke laws as a means of protest or in support of any campaign against the law. "

Defiance Campaign

"SAIC, ANC, and APO created a Jouint Council to plan a non

Public Safety Act (1953)

"Gave the state power to declare an emergency and use harsh measures to suppress opposition, including detention without trial."

Pondoland Revolt (1960)

"An example of the Public Safety act which resulted in the Army stopping resistance in 1960 where 5,000 were arrested."

South African Communist Party (SACP)

"It was a communist party in South Africa founded in 1921. The SACP played a role in the devlopment of the Freedom Charter through its cadres who were openly active in the Congress Alliance and in the Party's underground orginsation. In 1950, it was dissolved the party after being declared illegal by the National Part under the Suppression of Communism Act."

Congress Alliance

"African National Congress, the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress and the largely white Congress of Democrats. Together known as the Congress Alliance. Led by ZK Matthews."

"South African National Congress (SANNC) later renamed the African National Congress or ANC)

Established in 1912, aimed to overcome ethnic, language, and regional differences between Africans so that they could present a united front against discrimination and win equal political rights

Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union (ICU)

"a trade union among dockworkers in Cape Town but became a national political organisation, with a membership of 160,000, mainly in rural areas, and branches throughout Southern Africa."

African People's Organization

One of the main three groups that planned the Civil Disobedience in the Defiance Campaign

All African Convention (AAC)

ANC combined with this group to combat the disfranchisement of African voters in Cape Town

Natives' Representative Council (NRC)

"1936, the government set this system up to represent Africn voters, but only had small advisory powers. Basically Africans now had lost their politcal powers."

Dr. Alfred Xuma

"Became ANC president in 1940, instilling new energy in it. Favored cooperation with colored and Indian leaders to create a united front and called for abolition of the NRC."

ANC's Women's League

Established under Dr. Alfred Xuma as a way for women to be more involved in the ANC with Madie Hall Xuma as president.

Madie Hall Xuma

"Dr. Alfred Xuma's wife, president of the ANC Women's League."

Atlantic Charter

"The ANC studied the concept of self determintion stated by FDR and Churchill.

"African Claims in South Africa'

"Called for African adults to be ale vote, inclusing non whites.

Congress Youth League (CYL)

"Brought a more forward approach to the ANC like civil Disobedience. Anton Lembede as its first president, and Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo. Orignally favored Africans only but spread to all non white culture"

Anton Lembede

First President of the CYL. But he dies 1947.

Walter Sisulu

sentenced to Robben Island. A Founder of the CYL. One the 156 in the Treason Trial. One of the Rivionia MK captured leaders. Joined ANC in ANC with Mandela.