Exam 1

Distinguish between Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy describes structures and Physiology is the study of functions

Gross Anatomy

macroscope “naked eye”

Surface anatomy

surface landmarks, anatomical terminology

Regional anatomy

Specific to areas of the body

Systemic Anatomy

Specific to organ systems

Clinical Anatomy

changed in anatomy due to disease

Developmental Anatomy

changes in anatomy though out a lifetime

microscopic anatomy

use of a microscope

Order of Organization

Atoms, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ system, Organism

Integumentary System

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information

Skeletal System

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

Muscular System

provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature

Nervous System

directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

Endocrine System

directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development

Cardiovascular system

distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

Lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Respiratory System

Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication

Digestive System

processes and digest food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

Urinary System

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produces, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

Male Reproductive

produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones, sexual intercourse

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse

Skeletal System

bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Integumentary System

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

muscular system

brain, spinal cord, periplueral nerves, sense organs

Endocrine system

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads

Cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels

Lymphatic system

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Respiratory sstem

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, lungs

digestive system

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

male reproductive system

testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

female productive system

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vaginal, clitoris, mammary glands

What is anatomical position

The standard anatomical reference: hands at sides, palms forward

What is in the dorsal cavity?

Cranial Cavity, spinal cavity

What is in the Ventral Cavity?

Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal Cavity, pelvic cavity

What lines the thoracic cavity?

pleura

What lines the pericardial cavity?

pericardium

What lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum

Describe the external ear

Pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

Describe the middle ear

pharyngotympanic tube, tympanic membrane, auidotyr ossicles

Describe the inner ear

vestibular apparatus, cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve

Vestibule

provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration

Semicircular canals

head (body) rotation

Cochela

detect vibrations perceived as sound to provide hearing

Inferior Rectus

Eye looks down

medial recuts

eye looks medially

superior rectus

eye looks up

lateral rectus

eye looks laterally

inferior oblique

eye rolls, looks up and laterally

superior oblique

eye rolls, looks down and laterally

What is the innervation of the inferior rectus muscle?

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

What innervation is the medial rectus muscle?

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

What is the innervation of the superior rectus muscle?

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

What is the innervation of the lateral rectus muscle?

Abducens nerve (N VI)

What is the innervation of the inferior oblique muscle?

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

What innervation is the superior oblique muscle?

Trochlear nerve (N IV)

Cornea

clear anterior surface

Sclera

covers the outside of the rest of the eye

Iris

consists pigmented cells and pupillary muscles

ciliary body

musculature that holds the lens deep and centered to the pupil

suspensory ligamens

connect ciliary body to lens

Anterior cavity

between cornea and lens, filled with aqueous humor

Anterior chamber

between cornea and iris

posterior chamber

between iris and lens

posterior cavity

filled with vitreous humor

Retina

inner lining of the posterior cavity, contains light detecting cells

Rods

detects light and dark

Cones

provide color vision

optic disk

where the axons form the rods and cones exits the eye to become the optic nerve; “blind spot”

Tissue

made of similar cells and cell products that perfrom a specific function

organ

structure with discrete boundaries that carries out a specific function

Composed of two or more tissue types

Primary tissue type

epithelial tissue

primary tissue type

muscular tissue

primary tissue type

connective tissue

primary tissue type

nervous tissue

Tight junction

made of small membrane proteins that are packed close together

Function: prevent substance from passing between the cells they are connecting

Location: Digestive tract, urinary tract, blood brain barrier

Desmosomes

Large strong attachments between cells

Function: Resists stress

Location: uterus, heart and epidermis

Gap Junctions

Ring of protein that from a channel between cells

Function: shar cytosol, spread electrical impulses

Location: Cardiac and smooth muscle

What are the characteristics of all epithelial tissue?

All have cells that are close attached to each other

All line surfaces and rest on a basement membrane

All attached to connective tissue

All have free surface

The naming system of epithelial tissue

Starts with simple or stratified and then the shape of the cell

2 types of of tissues that don’t follow the normal naming convention

Pseudo stratified columnar, transitional epitheliums

Simple squamous

permeable (diffusion)

Simple cuboidal

absorption and secretion

Simple columnar

absorption and secretion

stratified squamous

resists abrasion

Cutaneus membrane

skin, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Mucous membrane

mucosa, moist epithelium over connective tissue, lines internal passageways

serous membrane

internal membrane, simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, double membrane, pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

Exocrine glands

secrete into ducts, can be serous or mucous glands

Endocrine glands

secrete directly into blood stream, secretions are hormones

Areolar tissue

underlies all epithelia, between muscles, passageways for nerves, and blood vessels

Reticular tissue

forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs

Adipose tissue

energy storage, insulation, cushion

dense regular connective tissue

resists stretching in one direction

Dense irregular connective tissue

Withstands stresses applies in multiple directions

Cartilage

support airway, eases joint movements

Provides flexible, elastic support

Compact bone

skeletal support, leverage for muscles; mineral storage

Blood

protect the body against pathogens

Collagen Fibers

thick unbranched collagen proteins

tough, stretch resistant, yet flexible

tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin