Chapters 12-15 (pg. 76-97)

Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Maintains equal air pressure within and outside the middle ear

Stapedius

Stiffens the ossicular chain so that vibrations are reduced through the acoustic reflex

Labyrinths

A system of interconnecting tunnels
Filled with perilymph

endolymph

cochlea is filled with_______

apex
base

Low frequency sounds stimulate the _______
High frequency sounds stimulate the______

internal auditory meatus

The auditory nerve exits the inner ear through the ___________

20

____week old fetus can respond to sound

3-4 month

_________month child can localize to sound

Air conduction:

sound waves strike the tympanic membrane. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes the ossicles to move, creating movements in the fluid of the inner ear.

Bone conduction:

skull vibrates in response to sound waves causing the fluid of the inner ear to be displaced

Conductive Hearing Loss

The efficiency with which the sound is conducted to the middle or inner ear is diminished
The inner ear, the acoustic nerve, and auditory centers of the brain are working normally

Microtia and aural atresia:

when the external ear is closed or the pinna is small and deformed.
Creates conductive HL

stenosis

extremely narrow external auditory canal

External otitis:

infection of the skin of the external auditory canal

Bony growths:

and tumors can appear in the external ear canal and block the transmission of sound

Otitis media and middle ear effusion:

infection of the middle ear associated with upper-respiratory infections

Myringotomy:

when small incisions are made in the tympanic membrane to relieve pressure

otosclerosis

a new, spongy growth starts on the footplate of the stapes and the footplate doesn't move

Carhart's notch:

a pattern of bone conduction thresholds characterized by reduced bone-conduction sensitivity predominantly at 2000 Hz

Otospongiosis:

when the stapes becomes too soft to vibrate

Stapedectomy:

when the stapes must become surgically removed

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

The middle ear may conduct sound efficiently to the inner ear, but there is damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or acoustic nerve

Recruitment:

increase in perceived loudness and as a result a person will be hypersensitive to intense sounds

noise

what is the leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss

Meniere's disease

A condition causing fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in adults

60

An average or normal person should hear normally up until about _____ years of age

mixed HL

Occurs when neither the middle ear or the inner ear is functioning properly
This can be temporary in children due to otitis media

Central auditory processing:

the effectiveness and efficiency in which the CNS uses auditory information

Central auditory disorders:

hearing losses due to disrupted sound transmission between the brainstem and the cerebrum as a result of damage or malformation

Retrocochlear Disorders

Damage to the nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex
Usually occurs due to acoustic neuromas von recklinghausen disease (both tumors growing)

Speech Audiometry

Measures how well a person understands speech and discriminates speech sounds

Speech reception threshold:

the lowest or softest level of hearing at which the person can understand 50% of the words presented

Spondee words:

two-syllable words with equal stress on each syllable (ex. baseball)

Word discrimination or word recognition tests:

establishes how well a person discriminates between words by having the client correctly repeat monosyllabic words

Acoustic Immittance

A transfer of acoustic energy

impedance

resistance to the flow of sound energy

admittance

a measure of the amount of energy that flows through the system

Tympanometry:

a procedure in which acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument

Acoustic reflex:

a simple reflex response of the muscles attached to the stapes bone

Electrophysiological audiomentry:

the procedure for measuring the electrical activity of the cochlea in response to sound

Auditory brainstem response (ABR):

a technique used to record the electrical activity in the auditory nerve, brainstem, and cortical areas of the brain

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE)
Auditory brainstem response (ABR)

Two primary types of newborn screenings:

Microphone
--Picks up sound
Receiver
--Delivers sound to ear
Amplifier
---Where the electrical signals are fed and signals are amplified

Components of HAs

Cochlear implants

Electronic devices surgically placed in the cochlea and other parts of the ear and deliver sound directly to the acoustic nerve endings in the cochlea

Microphone
---Picks up sound and converts it to electrical impulses
Processor
---Placed behind the ear to suppress extraneous noise and select sounds salient to comprehending speech
External transmitter coil
---Magnetically held on the head via the magnet in the internal cochlear implant

Components of cochlear implants:

speech reading

deciphering speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what they are saying

cued speech

speech produced with manual cues that represent the sounds of speech

aural/oral approach:

utilizing amplification, the individual will talk and be mainstreamed into society

manual approach

a means of nonverbal communication that involves signing and fingerspelling

total communication

involved teaching both verbal and nonverbal means of communication

Seeing essential english:

breaks down words into morphemes and uses written english word order

Signing exact english:

similar to seeing essential english but more flexible in word order

fingerspelling

ideas are communicated through quick, precise movements made by the fingers

Rochester method:

a combination of oral speech and fingerspelling

tensor veli palatini

the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the eustachian tube to open during yawing and swallowing

Multidisciplinary:

team includes multiple disciplines but each discipline conducts own evaluation, write a seperate report, and has little interaction with other team members

Transdisciplinary:

Multiple specialists in the initial assessment but only one or two team members provide services

Interdisciplinary:

Team members interact with and use each other's suggestions and information in interpreting data

Validity:

the degree to which a measurement measures what it says it is going to measure

reliable

consistent across repeated testing

Developmental Inventories

Track physical and behavioral changes over time

Functional Assessment:

evaluates day-to-day communication skills in naturalistic, socially meaningful contexts

Criterion Referenced Assessment

Compares performance to a standard
Helpful when norms don't apply to client or when there is not a standardized assessment to assess what is needed.

Authentic Assessment

Samples speech and language in everyday settings

Minimal Competency Score:

lowest level of performance individual is expected to have

Contrastive Analysis:

difference versus disorder

Dynamic Assessment

Evaluates ability when provided with instruction
Test-teach-retest

Comprehensive and Integrated Assessment

Traditional assessment + functional, client-specific, criterion referenced, authentic, dynamic assessments
Tailored to each client

Aversive stimuli:

unpleasant stimuli.

Avoidance:

________an action that results in not coming in contact with an aversive stimuli and is repeated to avoid contact in the future

constituant definitions

dictionary definitions of behaviors

Direct methods of response reduction:

reducing behaviors by immediately correcting behaviors

Discrete trials:

each opportunity to produce a response is counted separately

escape

a behavior that increases in frequency because it ended an adverse experience

evoked response

spontaneous response to natural stimuli

extinction

withholding such reinforcers such as an attention to reduce a response

Indirect methods of response reduction:

reducing undesirable behaviors by positively reinforcing desirable behaviors

Intermediate response:

a response that helps move towards the final target of a shaping procedure

Intermixed probes:

assessment of generalized production of trained responses by alternating trained and untrained stimuli

Manual guidance:

use of physical guidance in the shaping process

Operational definitions:

definitions that describe how what is defined is measured

pure probes

procedures of assessing generalized production when only untrained stimuli are presented

response cost

method of reducing responses by withdrawing responses contingent on each response

Satiation:

an internal body state that renders primary reinforcers ineffective

Shaping:

method of teaching nonexistent responses that are non existent. Initial intermediate and terminal responses are taught in ascending order

Terminal response:

the final target behavior in a shaping procedures

reinforcement

method of selecting and strengthening behaviors arranging immediate consequences under specific stimulus conditions

Continuous reinforcement:

all correct responses are reinforced

Intermittent reinforcement:

________ reinforcing only some of the correct responses

Differential reinforcement:

________ teaching a client to give different responses to different stimuli reinforcing the correct response

Negative reinforcement:

___________ strengthening of behaviors by the termination of an aversive event

Reinforcement withdrawal:

prompt removal of reinforcers to decrease a response

reinforcers

events that follow behaviors and thereby increase the future probability of those behaviors

Automatic reinforcer:

sensory consequences of a behavior that reinforce that behavior

Backup reinforcer:

reinforcer given at the end of a treatment session in exchange for tokens the client earned in the treatment session

Conditioned generalized reinforcer:

reinforcer whose effect does not depend on a particular motivational state of the client

Conditioned or secondary reinforcers:

events, such as praise, smiles, and approval, that strengthen a person's response because of past experience

Negative reinforcement:

events that are aversive and thus reinforce a response that terminates avoids, or postpones them

Positive reinforcement:

events that follow a response and thereby strengthen them

Primary reinforcers:

events whose reinforcing effects do not depend on past learning or condition