Fungal Infection Lecture Review

Practice flashcards based on the lecture on fungal infections, covering classifications, types of mycosis, opportunistic infections, and laboratory diagnosis methods.

What are the three broad classifications of fungal infection mentioned in the lecture?

Allergies, Mycotoxicosis, and Mycosis

Into which five categories is Mycosis (fungal infection) divided according to the level of infection?

$1$-Superficial mycosis, $2$-Cutaneous mycosis, $3$-sub cutanous mycosis, $4$-Deep or systemic mycosis, and $5$-Oppurtunistic infection

What is the cause of certain fungal allergies?

Inhaled fungal spores

What severe form can a fungal allergic condition take?

Asthmatic attack

What is the specific cause of Mycotoxicosis?

Fungus exotoxin which is called mycotoxin

Which important toxin is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus?

Afla toxin (aflatoxin)

What are the health risks associated with afla toxin?

It is a carcinogenic toxin that may cause liver cancer

What is the definition of superficial mycosis?

Fungal infection of the superficial layer of the dermis

What is a specific example of a superficial mycosis?

Pityriasis versicolar

What areas of the body are infected in cutaneous mycosis?

Epidermis of the skin, hairs, and nails

What is a specific example of a cutaneous mycosis?

Dermatophytosis

How does subcutaneous mycosis typically spread in the body?

It usually starts in the subcutaneous tissue and extends deeply to affect muscles and outwardly to the skin

What is a primary example of subcutaneous mycosis?

Mycetoma

How does a subcutaneous infection appear on the skin?

As a sinus that discharge pus cells and grains

Why do the grains discharged from a subcutaneous sinus vary in color?

According to the causative agents

What two types of fungi are the primary causes of deep or systemic mycosis?

$1$-opportunistic fungi and $2$-dimorphic fungi

Which specific dimorphic fungus is mentioned in the context of deep mycosis?

Histoplasma capsulatum

What condition does Histoplasma capsulatum cause in immuno commporomised patients?

Pneumonia

What is the common starting point for systemic fungal infections?

The lungs through inhalation

How many systems of the body can be affected by systemic mycosis?

Any system of the body can be affected

What three factors have led to an increase in Oppurtunistic infections?

$1$-poor nutrient, $2$-Immunocompromised patient, and $3$-Chronic infections

Which two species are responsible for most Oppurtunistic infections?

Candida spp and Aspergillus spp

What specimens are collected for superficial or cutaneous infections?

Skin scraping, Scalp scraping, Nail clipping, and Swap from mucous membrane (oral, vagina)

What is collected during specimen collection for a subcutaneous infection?

Pus cells beside grains

If pus is not available in a subcutaneous infection, what specimen is taken?

Biopsy contain grain

Why is blood taken during the diagnosis of subcutaneous fungal infections?

For serology to demonstrate anti bodies

Which specimens are collected for deep or systemic infections?

Sputum, CSF, Urine, Stool, Pleural fluid, and Blood

What are the four primary methods for the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections?

Microscopic examination, Culture, Needle mount technique & slide culture, and serology

What are the two types of microscopic examination preparations?

$1$- Wet prepration and $2$- Stained prepration

What fungal structure can be identified via microscopic examination?

Fungal hyphae

What is the characteristic shape of budding yeast observed under a microscope?

Round shape

Identification of fungi in culture is aided by observing which three factors?

$1$-Configuration of colony, $2$-pigment proudction, and $3$-Rate of growth

What are the four descriptions for the configuration of a fungal colony?

Cottony, Powdery, Waxy, and Moist

What are the two types of pigment production in colony identification?

Localize and diffuse

What do needle mount and slide culture techniques help detect?

Special structures and micro and macro conidia

What level of infection is Pityriasis versicolar classified as?

Superficial mycosis

What tissues does Dermatophytosis typically infect?

Epidermis, hairs, and nails

What specific part of the dermis does superficial mycosis affect?

The superficial layer of the dermis

What type of toxin is afla toxin categorized as?

A carcinogenic exotoxin

What is the primary route of transmission for Histoplasma capsulatum?

Inhalation into the lungs

What clinical sign identifies Mycotoxicosis infections?

Diagnosis of mycotoxin produced by fungus exotoxins

What are specific examples of mucous membrane swap sites?

Oral and vagina

Which diagnostic technique specifically looks for micro and macro conidia?

Needle mount technique & slide culture technique

What are the three core identifiers for colony configuration?

Cottony, Powdery, Waxy, and Moist

What specimen is collected from the scalp in cutaneous infections?

Scalp scraping

What is the role of serology in fungal diagnosis?

To demonstrate anti bodies

Which organism is associated with causing pneumonia in the immunocompromised?

Histoplasma capsulatum

In which mycosis type does the infection extend from subcutaneous tissue to muscles?

Sub subcutaneous mycosis (e.g., Mycetoma)

What is the primary specimen for diagnosing a systemic infection of the central nervous system?

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

What are two examples of opportunistic fungi mentioned in the context of systemic infections?

Candida spp and Aspergillus spp