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Dynasty
Family or clan that ruled in China from the Shang through the end of the Qing, with rulership usually handed to the eldest son.
Emperor
A monarch in China with vast powers; any challenge to their rule was met ruthlessly.
Mandate of Heaven
Legitimacy for the emperor's rule based on the belief that there could only be one ruler with the blessing of the gods.
Qin Dynasty
Dynasty established by Ying Zheng, who proclaimed himself 'emperor' and became known as the 'first emperor' of China.
Daoism
Religion and philosophy originating in China, emphasizing harmony and the natural order through the 'Way' or 'Dao'.
Zheng He
Admiral during the Ming Dynasty known for his seven voyages across Southeast Asia and the east coast of Africa.
Forbidden City
The Imperial Palace built during the Ming Dynasty in Beijing, housing 14 Ming and 10 Qing dynasty emperors.
Qing Dynasty
Dynasty that followed the Ming Dynasty, lasting from 1644 to 1911/12, marked by the invasion of Manchus.
Lord MacCartney
British diplomat sent to China in 1793 to negotiate trade relations.
Qianlong Emperor
Qing Dynasty emperor known for territorial expansion and rejection of British trade proposals.
Century of humiliation
Period from roughly 1842 to 1949 marked by foreign powers seeking influence over China through imperialism.
Opium
Addictive drug grown in China, used to numb pain among workers and for recreational use by the upper class.
Unequal treaties
Series of treaties granting foreign powers reparations, territory control, and trade access from China.
Extraterritoriality
The exemption of foreigners from Chinese jurisdiction, allowing them to be tried under their own country's laws.
Sun Yat-sen
Revolutionary leader and founding member of the Nationalist Party, first provisional president of the Republic of China.
Republic of China
Name for China after the imperial system fell in 1911, with Sun Yat-sen as its initial leader.
May Fourth Movement
1919 protest led by students against traditional values and the Treaty of Versailles' concessions to Japan.
Nationalist Party (KMT)
Political party founded by Sun Yat-sen, claimed to be the legitimate party of China.
Chiang Kai-shek
Leader of the Nationalist Party and Republic of China, known for his dictatorship in Taiwan.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Political party founded in 1921, which has ruled China since 1949.
Mao Zedong
CCP leader and founder of the People's Republic of China in 1949; promoted the Great Leap Forward.
Northern Expedition
Military campaign by the Nationalist Revolutionary Army and CCP to unify China after warlordism.
Japanese invasion
Japan attacked China in 1937, leading to significant loss of life during World War II.
Nanjing Massacre
Japanese army massacre of 100,000-200,000 Chinese civilians in Nanjing, marked by horrific violence.
Civil War, 1945-49
Conflict between the Nationalist government and the CCP over who would rule China.
People's Republic of China
Officially established on October 1, 1949, by Mao Zedong.
Land reform
CCP campaign to redistribute land to poor peasants after gaining power.
Great Leap Forward
Mao's policy aimed at rapid industrialization that led to widespread famine and millions of deaths.
Cultural Revolution
Movement led by Mao to eliminate capitalist influences, resulting in widespread persecution and destruction.
Deng Xiaoping
Leader who promoted economic reforms and opening up China to the West beginning in 1978.
Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
Deng's economic strategy that blends capitalism with state-run enterprises.
1989 Student Movement & Massacre
Protests for democracy in Tiananmen Square, violently suppressed by the government.
7/1/1997: Hong Kong returns to China
Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty under a 50-year agreement.
2019-2020 Hong Kong Protests
Demonstrations against China's encroachment on democracy in Hong Kong.
Xi Jinping
Current Secretary-General of the CCP and President of China, known for his strict policies.
Xi Jinping Thought
Ideological doctrine promoting national rejuvenation and socialism with Chinese characteristics.
CCP National Party Congress
Largest group of CCP leaders that meets every five years to approve top decisions.
CCP Central Committee
Select group of CCP members that meets annually, main source of Politburo membership.
CCP Politburo
The apex of CCP power, usually consisting of around 24 members.
CCP Politburo Standing Committee
Highest level of power in China, with 7 key members.
Secretary-General of CCP
Most important position in the CCP, currently held by Xi Jinping.
Central Military Commission
Office controlling China's military, chaired by the CCP Secretary-General.
Red Capitalist
Businesspeople who were allowed to join the CCP, reflecting a shift in ideology.
Parallel positions control mechanism
Interlocking network of CCP members occupying key roles in different institutions.
Premier
Head of the executive branch responsible for implementing domestic and foreign policies.
State Council
China's cabinet, headed by the Premier, containing high-ranking CCP members.
National People's Congress (NPC)
Unicameral legislative body in China with limited power controlled by the CCP.
Patriotism
Devotion to one's country and way of life, different from nationalism.
GONGOs
Government-operated non-governmental organizations that address poverty and disaster relief.
White Paper Protest
Demonstration against China's Zero-COVID policy using blank sheets of paper.
Great Firewall
Chinese government control over social media to censor opposition.
Real GDP/PPP
China's GDP when measured by purchasing power parity, the largest in the world.
Trade Balance
Measurement of a country's imports and exports to indicate economic health.
Iron Rice Bowl
Policy providing lifetime employment and welfare in urban areas until the mid-1980s.
Special Economic Zones
Areas in China designed to attract foreign investment and boost economic development.
Export-led Development
Economic strategy focusing on international market production for rapid growth.
SOEs (State-owned enterprises)
State-controlled companies that represent a significant portion of China's GDP.
Tariff
Tax imposed on imports or exports to protect domestic industries.
Zero-COVID policy
China's strategy during the pandemic involving strict lockdowns and testing.
Property Market
Market for buying and selling property, facing challenges due to supply surpluses.
BYD
China's largest electric vehicle manufacturer, focused on global exports.
semiconductors/chips
Essential technology used in modern devices and central to China's strategic interests.
Hukou
Residence permit required for urban living, creating a divide between rural and urban populations.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children a woman will bear, currently declining in China.
One-child Per Family
Policy instituted to control population growth, rescinded in 2016.
Xinjiang
Autonomous region in China with significant Muslim population, controversial due to policies.
Surveillance system
Extensive measures involving technology to monitor and control the population.
Vocational and Educational Training
Programs in Xinjiang presented as education but criticized as detention camps for Uighurs.
Xinjiang Police Files
Leaked documents supporting claims of mass detention in Xinjiang.
Women hold up half the sky
Mao's assertion about gender equality leading to official policies promoting it.
Gender Asset Gap
Disparity in wealth and property ownership between genders.
Leftover Women
Women over 27 who remain unmarried, often criticized for their choices.
ShanghaiPRIDE
LGBTQ NGO in Shanghai that has faced government restrictions since 2020.
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