week 2c part 1

Blood Glucose

The amount of glucose present in the blood, crucial for ATP production and metabolism.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell, produced from glucose during cellular respiration.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by low blood glucose levels, potentially leading to muscular and cognitive function reduction.

Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels, which can lead to type II diabetes.

Negative Feedback

A regulatory mechanism where a system responds in a way that reduces the output of a process, maintaining homeostasis.

Control Center

The component in a regulatory system that processes information and sends orders to effectors; typically the brain in most systems.

Effector

An organ or cell that acts to change a physiological variable as instructed by the control center.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen.

Insulin

A peptide hormone released by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells.

Glycogen

A complex sugar stored in the liver and muscles; serves as a glucose storage molecule.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, despite external changes.

Receptor

Sensory cells or proteins that monitor conditions in the body and send information to control centers.

Glycolysis

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

GLUT Transporter

A transmembrane protein that facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane of cells.

Peptide Hormone

A type of hormone composed of chains of amino acids; insulin is an example.

What is Blood Glucose?

The amount of glucose present in the blood, crucial for ATP production and metabolism.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

What is Hypoglycemia?

A condition characterized by low blood glucose levels, potentially leading to muscular and cognitive function reduction.

What causes Hyperglycemia?

High blood glucose levels, which can lead to type II diabetes.

What is Negative Feedback?

A regulatory mechanism that reduces the output of a process, maintaining homeostasis.

What is the Control Center in a regulatory system?

The component that processes information and sends orders to effectors, typically the brain.

What is an Effector in physiological terms?

An organ or cell that acts to change a physiological variable as instructed by the control center.

What role does Glucagon play in the body?

It raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen.

What is Insulin's function?

To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells.

What is Glycogen?

A complex sugar stored in the liver and muscles, serving as a glucose storage molecule.

What does Homeostasis refer to?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, despite external changes.

What do Receptors do in the body?

They monitor conditions in the body and send information to control centers.

What is Glycolysis?

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP.

What is Cellular Respiration?

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

What is a GLUT Transporter?

A transmembrane protein that facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.

What is a Peptide Hormone?

A type of hormone composed of chains of amino acids; insulin is

What is the main function of insulin in the body?

To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells.

Describe the process of glycolysis.

The metabolic process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP.

What condition is characterized by high blood glucose levels?

Hyperglycemia.

Name the hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

Glucagon.

What is the role of glycogen in the body?

It serves as a glucose storage molecule, stored in the liver and muscles.

What constitutes homeostasis in an organism?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Which hormone decreases blood glucose when released?

Insulin.

What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

What does a receptor do in a regulatory system?

It monitors conditions in the body and sends information to control centers.

How does negative feedback work in the context of blood glucose regulation?

It reduces the output of processes when blood glucose levels are high or low to maintain homeostasis.

Identify the main organ responsible for producing glucagon.

The pancreas.

What type of sugar is glyc