exam 3 pt 8 (character displacement -> commensalism)

character displacement

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

what is this an example of?

character displacement

predation

refers to interaction where the predators kills and eats the prey

(±)

→ predator benefits, prey loses

what are some feeding adaptations of predators?

claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poisons

what are some adaptations of prey?

hiding, feeling, forming herds/schools, self-defense, alarm calls

cryptic coloration/camouflage

makes prey difficult to spot

what morphological/physiological defense adaptations can animals have?

A) cryptic coloration

B) aposematic coloration

aposematic coloration

warning coloration → predators get scared of bright coloration and will usually leave them alone

batesian mimicry

species that are edible + harmless/chill MIMICKING species that are inedible harmful/unpalatable

→ makes predators not want to eat them

mullerian mimicry

two or more unpalatable species resembling each other → it is easier for a predator to learn 1 type of coloration to stay away from than rather than trying to remember a bunch of patterns

difference between batesian/mullerian mimicry?

batesian: inedible mimicking edible

mullerian: harmful species resembling each other

herbivory

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

(±)

→ good for the herbivore, bad for the plant

symbiosis

relationship where two or more species live in direct + intimate contact with one another

A) parasitism

B) mutualism

C) commensalism

parasitism

parasite derives nourishment from host that is harmed in the process

(±)

→ parasite gets nutrients, host gets harmed

mutualism

interspecific interaction that benefits both species; can be obligate or facultative

(+/+)

→ both species gain something from sharing

obligate mutualism

one species cannot survive without the other

facultative mutualism

where both species could survive alone

commensalism

one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected

(+/0)

→ i.e. birds that do not eat bugs or parasites chilling on the backs of cattle because cattle cause bugs to come up out of the grass by walking through—the birds benefit, but they are not helping/hurting the cattle