Biology 1160 - Introductory Lecture

Flashcards based on introductory lecture notes covering anatomical terminology, body organization, examination techniques, and movement.

What is the definition of Anatomy?

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

What is the definition of Physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

What does the Gross Anatomical branch Surface Anatomy study?

General form and superficial markings.

What is the focus of Regional Anatomy?

Anatomical organization of specific areas such as the Head, Trunk, or Thorax.

What is Developmental Anatomy?

The study of changes in form from conception to physical maturity, including embryology (developmental changes before birth).

What is the difference between Cytology and Histology?

Cytology is the analysis of the internal structures of individual cells, while Histology is the examination of tissues.

What is Pathological physiology?

The study of the effects of pathologies on system functions.

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

The concept that function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Signs can be measured or seen (swelling, bruising, bleeding), while symptoms are described by the affected person (pain, nausea, vertigo).

What are the five clinical methods of external body examination?

Inspection (looking), Palpation (feeling), Percussion (tapping), Auscultation (listening with a stethoscope), and Manipulation (joint movement/ROM).

What is Ascites?

The abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen, technically more than $25\,mL$ of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

How is a CT (Computed Axial Tomography) scan produced?

By using a vast series of 2-dimensional x-rays to create a 3-dimensional image.

What are the advantages of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) over CT scans?

It has much better resolution in soft tissue and is useful when tissues are surrounded by bone.

What is an Endoscope?

A thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing internal body parts; it may include a tool for tissue removal (biopsy).

Match the scope to its area: Gastroscopy, Bronchoscopy, and Arthroscope.

Gastroscopy (Stomach), Bronchoscopy (bronchi and lungs), Arthroscope (joints).

What does Angiography visualize?

Blood vessels, by injecting dye (agio = vessel, graphy = picture).

List the fields of study for Oncology, Hematology, and Endocrinology.

Oncology - cancer; Hematology - blood; Endocrinology - hormones.

What is the highest level of structural organization in the human body?

The organism level, where all organ systems work together to maintain life and health.

According to the lecture, approximately how many cells are in the human body?

$37.2$ trillion cells.

Describe the standard anatomical position.

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

What is the difference between Medial and Lateral?

Medial is toward or at the midline of the body; Lateral is away from the midline.

What is the definition of Proximal?

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

What is the difference between Ipsilateral and Contralateral?

Ipsilateral refers to the same side; Contralateral refers to the opposite side.

Into which two major divisions is the body divided?

Axial (head, neck, and trunk) and Appendicular (limbs).

What are the three common body planes?

Sagittal plane (right and left), Frontal/coronal plane (anterior and posterior), and Transverse/horizontal plane (superior and inferior).

What are the two subdivisions of the Dorsal body cavity?

The Cranial cavity (encases the brain) and the Vertebral cavity (encases the spinal cord).

What structures are contained within the Mediastinum?

The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and aorta.

What organs are considered retroperitoneal?

The kidneys and the pancreas.

What is the difference between the Visceral layer and the Parietal layer of a serous membrane?

The visceral layer covers the internal organs, while the parietal layer lines the internal walls of the cavities.

What is Pleurisy?

Inflammation and friction rub of the visceral and parietal pleura due to pneumonia or cancer.

Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), and Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

List the nine abdominopelvic regions from top to bottom, left to right.

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right Iliac (inguinal), Hypogastric, and Left iliac (inguinal).

What is the difference between Flexion and Extension?

Flexion is a decrease in the angle of the joint; Extension is an increase in the joint angle.

Define Abduction and Adduction.

Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body; Adduction is movement towards the midline (neither term is used for fingers).

What are Supination and Pronation?

Supination is turning the palm towards the anterior surface; Pronation is turning the palm towards the posterior surface.

What is the movement called when the thumb touches the tips of fingers on the same hand?

Opposition.