22. BSE in the Stallion

What are the THREE goals of the BSE in the stallion?

-evaluate the stallion for reproductive potential

- ID any reproductive limitations

- communicate the results clearly and thoroughly to the client

T/F The stallion is chosen for fertility

False

What is the difference between puberty and sexual maturity in the stallion?

puberty i s 12-24 months and sexual maturity is 4-5 years

What do stallions have a stress put on them that is differs from the bull?

stress of performance

What are some considerations of the BSE in the stallion?

fertility can vary due to illness, injury, and stress

T/F It is only the stallions fault if the mare does not get pregnant

False, the mare quality matters

What is the only way to truly predict the fertility of the stallion?

must get the mare pregnant ( this is bc a BSE is only one test at one time)

What is the limitations of the BSE?

- it is a single point in time

- diffuclt to measure dertility

What are the options for measuing fertility? What are the drawbacks?

breeding trial, it is expensive and time consuming

What are the FOUR measurable guildline for sperm in the BSE?

- motility

- morphology

- total number of pregessively motile, morphologically normal sperm (1 billion)

- testes size

T/F The stallion should be free from infectious disease

True

What are some history considerations that you need to discuss in a BSE?

-intended use of the breeding stallion

- performance history

- breeding history

- illness, injury

- Vaccine history

What vaccine do you need to make sure that the stallion has a history of and why?

EVA, because there is not way to tell if they are positve or have a titer

T/F You need to ID the stallion, and this can be by pictures, tattoo, or scars/unusual marking

true

What is the first thing that you should do in the BSE?

expose the stallion to evaluate the menal and physical ability to breed the require number of mares

What to do you need to do to prepare the stallion for semen collection?

- tease to achieve erection

- remove smega

- evaluate penile lesion

How would you remove the smegma?

- warm water only

- cotton

- do not sterilize the penis

Why do you not want to use soap to clean the penis? (2)

1. soap kills good bacteria

2. soap can kill sperm

How do you collect the sperm?

artificial vagina can either be off mare or off phantom

T/F You should pre-wash the fossa and shaft of the penis and also establish the type of amounts of bacteria present

True

When should you evaluate the urethra?

before and after ejaculation

What should the normal color of semen be?

cloudy to opaque

What are some abnormalities of sperm that can be seen on collection in regards to color?

- blood

- urine

- dirt

- very dilute

What is the name of the blue box that measures the particle density of a solution?

densemeter

What are the inaccuracies that can be seen with the densemeter?

- too dilutr or concentrated

- debris

- other cells

- no extender

What concentration considerations includes a hand count of 1:100 dilution and counting the actual sperm?

hemocytometer

What is it called when you stain the sperms nucleus and the machine does a cell count?

Nucleocounter

T/F Hemocytometer and Nucleocounter can be used with an extender

true

What is the difference between total and progressive motility?

total- how many sperm is moving

progressive- are the sperm moving in a straight line

T/F Stallion sperm is different than other species because it "archs" more than traveling in a straight line

True

How is the sperm classified by morphology in the stallion?

categorized by defect

What are some of the defects that can be seen?

- droplets

- head/acrosome

- midpiece

- tail

- premature germ cells

How is the semen evaluation fixed and evaluated?

fixed in buffered formalin (it kills the sperm so they aint moving), stain it ( kills it more), and the.n count 100 sperm on oil emersion

gonna do a quizlet about picture of the abnormalites ( the answer is okayyy

okayyy

If there is abnormal head or midpiece, where is the issue originating from?

testicular orgin

What is the % of detached sperm heads that you have to see to say that the sperm are getting caught up somewhere?

>10%

Where is a common place for the sperm to be "caught up"?

ampulla

T/F The stain can cause bent tail defects

True

What causes a coiled tail?

testicular defect ( sperm was released early)

What is thought to be the cause of premature germ cells being present?

testicular degeneration

How would you describe the orientation of the testis in the stallion?

horizontal

What are some structures that you should be evaluating on the external repro exam?

- are there 2?

- oreintation

- texture

-size

- masses

What are the denemntions of the testicles that are measured? (she said she is not gonna ask the numbers)

height, width, length

What do you use to to measure the height, width, and length?

ultrasound

there is a chart of the testicular volume and age- im gonna assume it is FYI

just look at it if you care

What is it called when there is an enlargement of the veins inside the scrotum,

vericocele

What are THREE issues that can arise from the spermaticord?

- dilated vessels

- hernia

- blood velocity

What abnormality in the scrotum that affect sperm quality and thermoregulation issues?

hydrocele

What are the FOUR accessory sex gland?

- seminal vesicles

- ampullae

- prostate

- bulbourethral gland

What TWO accessory glands are most likely to have problems?

seminal vesicles and ampullae

What is the the satisfactory prospective breeder statement for the stallion? (3)

- able to produce a seasonal PG rate 60% when bred to 40-45 mares

- free of undesirable traits, heritable defects, behavioral disorders, or transmissible disease

- possess no physical trains that interfere with mating ability, sperm output, semen quality

KNOW THIS:

At lest _ _____ progressively mobile morphologically normal sperm in ____ ejaculate at any time of year

1 billion, second

What makes for unsatisfactory prospective breeder in the stallion?

- poor sperm quality

- EIA positive

- Cryptochid

T/F If a stallion is unsatisfactory prospective breeder, you can wait 60 days and recheck

true

What is the other test that you can do for the BSE in the stallion?

- acrosome reaction

- membrane integrity

- sperm chromatin structure assay

- seminal plasma analysis

- hormone analysis

- testicular biopsy

What is the last resort for testing?

testicular biopsy

What is the main objective of the BSE?

to determine if the animal is acceptable for breeding

What are the THREE things that horse breeding animal are chosen for?

genetics, bloodlines, performance

T/F A complete history is important and age/breed are important considerations

True

How should the scrotum and epididymis appear on physical exam?

scrotum should be pendulous, and testicles and epididymis freely movable within the scrotum

Where should the tail of the epididymis be located?

caudally

What should be assessed during collection as well as behavior?

stallions libido

T/F Overly aggressive stallions or timid stallions may be problematic as their breeding career progresses

True

Where can a culture be obtained from?

pre-washed shaft or prepuce, pre-washed urethra fossa, post washed urethra, post ejaculate urethra

What are the TWO problematic bacteria that could grow on the penis that is apart of the normal flora?

klebsiella, pseudomonas

How many ejaculates is standard for the BSE and will give a good picture of the stallions overall ability?

two

What are the parameters for the stallion collection?

- stallion needs to be sexually rested for 5 days

- 2 samples are collected 1 hour apart

T/F The second sample of semen will contain the same amount as the first

False, it will contain about half

The sperm sample should be extended and allowed to equilibrate for how long in the incubator prior to the final analysis?

10-15 mins

A progressive motility over what % is considered adequate?

50%

What is the name of the stain used to evaluate the morphology?

eosin- nigrosin

What are sperm defects that would point you in the direction of their being testicular issues? (5)

- head, acrosomal, midpeice abnormalities

- premature germ cells

- proximal cytoplasmic droplets

What are the TWO bacteria that are considered significant with regards to veneral disease?

Klebsiella pneumonaie, psudomonas aeroginsoa

What is the causative agent of contageous equine metritis?

Taylorella equinatalis

What viral disease causes ulcerations on the shaft of the penis and is trandmissable to mares only through active lesion being present?

EHV-3