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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atoms
The smallest unit of an element
Elements
There are 92 natural occurring elements on Earth
Atoms
Atoms consists of 3 parts. Electrons neutrons and protons
Electrons
Negative charge; orbit around the nucleus
Protons
Positive charge (in nucleus)
Neutrons
Negative charge (in the nucleus)
Atomic number
Number of protons in an element
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons
Molecule
Two or more atoms bonded together
Compounds
Combined atoms from different elements
Ionic bond
When one atom loses an electron and another gains it
Covalent bond
Atoms that share electrons
Non polar covalent bonds
Atoms that equally share electrons
Polar covalent bonds
Atoms that unequally share electrons
Reactants
Starting material in chemical reactions
Products
Ending products of chemical reactions
Synthesis
Building larger molecules from smaller ones
Decomposition
Breaking molecules down
Exchange
When parts of two molecules swap
Catalysts (enzymes)
Speed up reactions without being used up
Electrolytes
Compounds that ionize in water
Acids
Release hydrogen ions
Bases
Release ions that reach with H+
Salts
Form when acid and bases react
pH
Measures the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution
pH 7
Neutral
Acidic
pH less that 7
Basic (alkaline)
pH greater than 7
Inorganic substances
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts
Organic substances
Carbon and hydrogen
Carbohydrates
Provide energy (made of simple sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Store energy and build cell parts
Proteins
Made of amino acids
nucleic acids
DNA AND RNA
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins
Primary
Sequence of amino acids
Secondary or tertiary
How the chain of amino acid folds
Function
The structure determines the function of the protein
Heat chemicals or radiation
How proteins can be damaged
DNA
Stores genetic information
RNA
Helps make protein based on DNA instruction
Nucleotides
The building blocks of DNA and RNA
Chemistry
The foundation for understanding how the body functions