Cell Theory, Structure, and Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Review

150 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key scientists, cell theory, cellular structures, characteristics of life, and distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The scientist who first coined the term "cell" after observing cork was __.

Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke published his observations in the book entitled __ (1665).

Micrographia

The Latin word "cella" meaning "small room" inspired the term __.

cell

The microscope maker who discovered "animalcules" is __.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is often called the Father of __.

Microbiology

The German botanist who proposed that all plants are made of cells was __.

Matthias Schleiden

The German zoologist who stated that all animals are made of cells was __.

Theodor Schwann

Together, Schleiden and Schwann formulated the first __ parts of cell theory.

two

The German physician who added the third postulate to cell theory was __.

Rudolf Virchow

Virchow’s Latin phrase "Omnis cellula e cellula" means "______________."

Every cell from a cell

The primitive microscope was first invented around 1590 by __ Janssen.

Zacharias

The scientist who discovered the cell nucleus in 1831 was __.

Robert Brown

The Italian scientist who investigated plant cells in 1665-1676 was ______.

Marcello Malpighi

The English scientist who also studied plant cells alongside Malpighi was ______.

Nehemiah Grew

Albrecht von Roelliker declared that sperm and egg are composed of __.

cells

Louis Pasteur’s work on fermentation proved that bacterial cells come from other __ cells.

bacterial

The organelle that serves as the "brain" of the cell is the __.

nucleus

The small dense structure inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes is the __.

nucleolus

The network of protein filaments that provides structural support is the __.

cytoskeleton

The cylindrical structures that organize spindle fibers during cell division are __.

centrioles

The outer covering that separates the cell interior from its environment is the __ membrane.

plasma

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and __.

proteins

Two layers of phospholipids form the __ bilayer.

phospholipid

Cholesterol in the membrane is composed of four fused __ rings.

carbon

Proteins completely embedded through the membrane are called __ proteins.

integral

Proteins attached to the membrane surface are called __ proteins.

peripheral

The rigid outer layer found in plant cells but not animal cells is the __ wall.

cell

The gel-like substance that fills the space between membrane and nucleus is __.

cytoplasm

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended is called __.

cytosol

About 70% of cellular content is __.

cytosol

The double-membraned, rod-shaped organelle that generates ATP is the __.

mitochondrion

The inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane are called __.

cristae

Cellular respiration in mitochondria converts glucose and oxygen into __.

ATP

The major energy currency molecule of the cell is __.

ATP

Removing the third phosphate group from ATP releases __ energy.

free

The interconnected membranous network studded with ribosomes is the __ ER.

rough

Rough ER modifies proteins and makes __ for cellular membranes.

phospholipids

The ER without ribosomes that synthesizes lipids is the __ ER.

smooth

Smooth ER detoxifies harmful substances, especially abundant in the __ cells.

liver

The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins is the __ apparatus.

Golgi

The receiving side of the Golgi stack is called the __ face.

cis

The shipping side of the Golgi stack is known as the __ face.

trans

Membrane-bound sacs that pinch off the Golgi to transport materials are __.

vesicles

The spherical bodies containing digestive enzymes are __.

lysosomes

Because they break down waste, lysosomes are nicknamed the cell's __ center.

recycling

The self-destruction process triggered by lysosomes is called __.

autophagy

The green organelle where photosynthesis occurs is the __.

chloroplast

Chloroplasts contain the pigment __ that captures sunlight.

chlorophyll

Stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts are called __.

grana

The protein-rich fluid inside the inner membrane of chloroplasts is the __.

stroma

The large membrane-bound sac in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure is the __.

vacuole

Vacuoles in plant cells store water, nutrients, and __ products.

waste

The small, non-membranous organelles that synthesize proteins are __.

ribosomes

Ribosomes are made of RNA and __.

proteins

Free ribosomes are abundant in developing __ cells.

muscle

Membrane-bound organelles collectively linked by their membranes form the __ system.

endomembrane

The endomembrane system includes the ER, Golgi, vacuoles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, and __.

centrosomes

The process of maintaining stable internal conditions is called __.

homeostasis

The total sum of all chemical reactions in the body is __.

metabolism

A signal to which an organism responds is a __.

stimulus

Organisms that mix genetic material from two parents reproduce __.

sexually

Offspring genetically identical to the parent result from __ reproduction.

asexual

Over many generations, groups of organisms typically __ or change over time.

evolve

During development, a single fertilized egg repeatedly __.

divides

Organelles literally means "little __."

organs

The outer membrane of chloroplasts is __ to small molecules and ions.

semi-porous

The space between outer and inner chloroplast membranes is the __ space.

intermembrane

The membrane sacs where light reactions occur are __.

thylakoids

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound __.

nucleus

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and other __-bound organelles.

membrane

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and __-floating.

free

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form __.

chromatin

Cell division in prokaryotes occurs by __ fission.

binary

Eukaryotic cell division occurs by __ or meiosis.

mitosis

Prokaryotes reproduce only __.

asexually

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes, DNA, and a __ membrane.

cell

The cell wall of bacteria is made of __.

peptidoglycan

The cell wall of plants is composed mainly of __.

cellulose

Spiral-shaped bacteria are called __.

spirilla

Rod-shaped bacteria are known as __.

bacilli

Round-shaped bacteria are referred to as __.

cocci

Using Gram stain, bacteria with thick peptidoglycan walls are __-positive.

Gram

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane are __-negative.

Gram

Pathogens cause illness by producing poisons called __ or endotoxins.

exotoxins

Poisons released as proteins while bacteria live are called __.

exotoxins

Toxic components released from dead bacterial walls are __.

endotoxins

Helpful bacteria in dairy convert milk into foods like __.

yogurt

Bacteria reproduce rapidly and can divide every __ hours.

1-3

Some prokaryotes form resistant structures called __ that survive harsh conditions.

endospores

Archaea that thrive in high-salt environments are called __.

halophiles

Archaea that produce methane gas are __.

methanogens

Thermophiles are archaea that live in extremely __ temperatures.

high

The whip-like tail some bacteria use for movement is a __.

flagellum

Hair-like structures used by bacteria to attach to surfaces are __.

pili

The gelatinous outer covering of some bacteria that maintains shape is the __.

capsule

Chemotrophic bacteria obtain energy by using __ in their environment.

chemicals

Photosynthetic prokaryotes get energy from __.

sunlight

Decomposer bacteria feed on __ things.

dead

The granular appearance in electron micrographs is due to numerous __.

ribosomes

The size of most bacteria ranges from __ microns.

10-100