Endocrine System and Sensory Pathways

Flashcards covering key concepts related to the endocrine system and sensory pathways.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

Posterior pituitary gland hormones

Release hormones made in the hypothalamus.

Three hormone classes

Steroid, peptide, and amino acid-derived hormones; differ in synthesis sites and receptor locations.

Cholesterol

Precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Addison's disease

A disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones.

Cushing's disease

A condition caused by chronic exposure to high levels of cortisol.

Graves' disease

An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.

Paget's disease

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones.

Acromegaly

A disorder resulting from excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged bones and tissues.

Adrenogenital syndrome

A condition characterized by abnormal steroid hormone synthesis.

Cretinism

A severe form of hypothyroidism in children leading to stunted growth and development.

Dwarfism

A condition resulting in shorter stature due to genetic or hormonal factors.

Exophthalmos

A condition where the eyes protrude due to swelling of the eye muscles.

Sensory pathways

All sensory pathways first travel to the thalamus, with exceptions for olfactory pathways.

Two-point discrimination test

A test to assess the ability to perceive two separate points of touch.

Phasic receptors

Sensory receptors that adapt quickly to constant stimuli.

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to pain.

Referred pain

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

Chronic pain

Persistent pain lasting longer than the usual course of an acute illness.

Umami

A primary taste sensation that is savory; there are five primary taste sensations.

Boney structures in the middle ear

Malleus, incus, and stapes; they function to transmit sound vibrations and connect the eardrum to the inner ear.

Visual pathway

The pathway from the eye to the visual cortex includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and visual cortex.