Lecture Review: Basics of Chemistry, Acids, Bases, Buffers, and Chemical Bonds

300 comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated strictly from the lecture transcript covering atomic structure, pH scales, acids, bases, buffers, physiological acidosis/alkalosis, pharmacokinetics, and molecular bonding.

Delta Positive Hydrogen

The partial positive charge ($\delta^+$) carried by hydrogen atoms in a water molecule.

Delta Negative Oxygen

The partial negative charge ($\delta^-$) carried by the oxygen atom in a water molecule.

Universal Solvent

A descriptor for water, which acts as a natural solvent system allowing organic molecules and organisms to coexist and live.

Buffer System

A natural automated system that neutralizes excess acid produced in the body to maintain homeostasis.

Ion

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge formed through the loss or gain of electrons.

Element

A fundamental chemical entity identified as one of the core concepts to understand alongside ions, acids, and bases.

Acid

A substance characterized by an increased concentration of hydrogen ions ($H^+$).

Base

A substance characterized by an increased concentration of negative hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

pH

A numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14 used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Buffer Function

The mechanism of absorbing both $H^+$ and $OH^-$ ions and releasing hydrogen or basic ions to stabilize pH in biological systems or laboratories.

Inert Gas Electron Structure

An electron configuration in gas where electron peaks are very minimal compared to reactive gases.

Atomic Core

The central region of an atom around which electrons revolve in outer shells.

Outer Shell

The outermost region of an atom where electrons reside and participate in interactions and bond formation.

Electron Shell Variations

Subshell classifications of electron orbitals including $s$, $p$, and $d$ variations.

Water and Oil Interaction

A non-interaction where mixing water and oil produces no impact due to proton, neutron, and electrolysis molecule properties.

Water and Sugar Solution

A combination where sugar dissolves in water due to ionic and polar interactions.

Water and Salt Solution

A combination where salt dissolves in water by separating into constituent ions.

Ion Formation Mechanism

The process of gaining or losing electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Outermost Electron Shell Role

The electron layer responsible for chemical reactions, bond creation, and ion formation.

Post-Medication Hydration

The practice of drinking water after taking medication to ensure the drug dissolves and mixes properly.

Pharma Analytics

The study and application of how medications dissolve, absorb, and circulate within biological systems.

Liver Absorption Threshold

The specific metric noting that approximately $10\%$ of an absorbed drug is processed in the liver.

Pancreatic Cancer Targeted Delivery

A therapeutic strategy where chemotherapy is administered followed by fluid intake to direct drugs specifically to pancreatic cancer cells.

Targeted Chemotherapy Circulation

The movement of cancer drugs throughout the body system to reach targeted cancerous cells without harming healthy tissue.

Endocrine System Distribution

The systemic transport network through which absorbed drugs circulate to reach target organs.

Target Specificity in Oncology

The ability of a drug delivery system to selectively kill right cancerous cells while preserving the health system.

Water Molecular Composition ($H_2O$)

A chemical structure composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Cations in Water

The two positively charged hydrogen units ($H^+$) associated with a water molecule.

Anion in Water

The single negatively charged oxygen unit ($O^{2-}$ or associated negative dipole) in a water molecule.

Organic Molecules

Chemical components characterized by having a higher abundance of hydrogen atoms compared to inorganic molecules.

Inorganic Molecules

Chemical compounds containing relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than organic molecules.

Functional Group

A specific arrangement of atoms within molecules that determines their chemical properties and categorization.

Alcohol Functional Group ($-OH$)

The hydroxyl group ($-OH$) attached to a molecule, characteristic of alcohols such as ethanol and methanol.

Ethanol

An alcoholic compound containing an $-OH$ functional group attached to a two-carbon chain.

Methanol

An alcoholic compound containing an $-OH$ functional group attached to a single methyl group.

Flavorable Solvents

A classification of chemical solvents in a laboratory possessing distinct odor or flavor profiles.

Nonflavorable Solvents

A classification of laboratory solvents that lack distinct flavor or odor characteristics.

Kerosene

A specific solvent type categorized among inorganic and organic chemical compounds in laboratory settings.

Non-Kerosene

A category of laboratory solvents distinct from kerosene fuels.

Microorganism Acid Response

The distinct behavioral or biological changes observed in microorganisms when exposed to acidic environments.

Microorganism Basic Response

The distinct biological alterations shown by microorganisms when exposed to basic or alkaline environments.

Acid Formation Mechanism

The chemical process of increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in a solution.

Isotopes in Radiochemistry

Variants of chemical elements (like hydrogen) having different numbers of neutrons, studied in radiochemistry.

Base Formation Mechanism

The chemical process of increasing the concentration of negative ions ($OH^-$) in a solution.

Hydrochloric Acid ($HCl$)

A strong acid present in the stomach digestive system that breaks down and dissolves food.

Stomach Acid pH Range

The normal acidic pH level in the digestive system, ranging from pH 3 to 4 depending on the individual.

Digestive Dissolution via $HCl$

The process of using gastric hydrochloric acid to dissolve dense food particles in the stomach.

Hydrochloric Acid Water Dissociation

The reaction occurring when $HCl$ mixes with water, separating into positive and negative ions.

Reaction Side (Left Side)

The starting side of a chemical equation containing the interacting reactants, such as hydrogen and water.

Product Side (Right Side)

The resulting side of a chemical equation containing the generated products after interaction.

Chlorine Ion ($Cl^-$)

A negatively charged anion product released during the reaction of hydrochloric acid with water.

Hydrogen Ion ($H^+$)

A positively charged proton product whose presence increases the acidity of a component.

Acidification Factor

The accumulation of hydrogen ions on the product side of a chemical reaction that causes the solution to become acidic.

Sodium Hydroxide ($NaOH$)

A strong basic compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions that yields basic solutions when added to water.

Sodium Hydroxide Water Reaction

A reaction where $NaOH$ dissociates in water to release sodium ions ($Na^+$) and hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

Hydroxide Ion ($OH^-$)

A negatively charged polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen that drives the basicity of a solution.

Key Acid-Base Difference

The presence of excess hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in acids versus excess hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in bases.

pH Scale Range

The standardized scale spanning from 0 to 14 used to evaluate relative acidity or basicity.

Hydrochloric Acid pH Value

The extreme acidic measurement of $HCl$ on the pH scale, falling between pH 1 and 2.

Lemon/Lavender Juice pH Value

An acidic measurement falling around pH 2 on the pH scale.

Rainwater Baseline pH

The standard acidity of unpolluted rainwater, measuring around pH 5.

Acid Rain pH Extreme

An abnormally low rainwater pH measuring around pH 1 or 2 caused by environmental factors.

Pure Water Neutral pH

The balanced pH measurement of pure water, falling between pH 7.1 and 7.2.

Pure Water Balance

The equal, balanced concentration of hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in pure water.

Seawater pH Category

A slightly basic/alkaline solution situated above pH 7 on the pH scale.

Ammonia pH Category

A distinctly basic/alkaline chemical solution situated high on the pH scale.

Sodium Hydroxide Scale Position

An extreme basic standard located near the top of the 0 to 14 pH scale.

Optimal Microorganism pH

The neutral pH range around 7 to 7.1 where microorganisms survive and function best.

Extreme Acid Habitability

The condition of extreme acidity where microorganisms struggle or fail to survive due to lack of standard metabolic reaction.

Extreme Base Habitability

The condition of high basicity where biological growth and microorganism development are suppressed.

Alkaline Synonym

A chemical term synonymous with basic, referring to solutions with a pH greater than 7.

Basic pH Ion Ratio

A solution state where the concentration of hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) is greater than hydrogen ions ($H^+$).

Acidic pH Ion Ratio

A solution state where the concentration of hydrogen ions ($H^+$) is greater than hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

pH Less Than 7

The quantitative range defining an acidic solution.

pH Greater Than 7

The quantitative range defining a basic or alkaline solution.

Buffer Dual-Ion Absorption

The property of a buffer solution to absorb both $H^+$ and $OH^-$ ions to maintain pH balance.

Laboratory pH Stabilization

The application of buffers in experimental procedures to prevent drastic shifts in acidity or basicity.

Acidosis

A pathological state characterized by an abnormally low blood pH resulting from an accumulation of acid.

Ketoacidosis

A specific type of acidosis often encountered in nursing home facilities caused by ketone body accumulation.

Breathing Difficulty in Acidosis

A clinical symptom resulting from elevated systemic acidity interfering with respiratory function.

Palpitations in Acidosis

Rapid or irregular heartbeats triggered by systemic acid-base imbalances.

Stroke Risk in Acidosis

A severe clinical complication linked to severe pH drops and altered blood flow.

Ion Communication Failure

The inability of bodily ions to transmit signals effectively under extreme acidic conditions.

Alkalosis

A pathological condition characterized by an abnormal increase in blood basicity (elevated pH).

Stomach Acid Deficit in Alkalosis

A condition where the stomach fails to produce or circulate sufficient acid, increasing systemic basicity.

Chemical Bond

A stable connection constructed between atoms through the communication and sharing of electrons and protons.

Hydrogen-Carbon Bond ($C-H$)

A ubiquitous single chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen found throughout organic compounds.

Carbon-Oxygen Bond ($C-O$)

A chemical bond linking carbon and oxygen, vital to organic structure and drug composition.

Carbon-Nitrogen Bond ($C-N$)

A chemical bond connecting carbon and nitrogen, frequently present in cyclical pharmaceutical molecules.

Cyclic Compounds in Medication

Ring-shaped molecular structures composed of bonded carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.

Chirality Representations

Structural visual cues in chemical diagrams using dark or shadow bonds to denote 3D stereochemistry.

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonding.

Nobel Prize for DNA Folding

A major scientific prize awarded for elucidating the spatial secondary structure and folding of DNA.

Nobel Prize for Biomolecular Unfolding

A major scientific recognition awarded for explaining the process of protein and DNA denaturation/unfolding.

Nobel Prize for Refolding

A scientific award granted for discovering how hydrogen bonds facilitate the refolding of unfolded proteins.

Folded Biomolecular Function

The functional requirement where proteins and DNA must remain properly folded via hydrogen bonds to carry out biological roles.

Unfolded Biomolecular Infunctionality

The loss of biological function that occurs when proteins or DNA lose their hydrogen-bonded structure.

Base Pair Hydrogen Bonding ($A, T, G, C$)

The hydrogen bonds that hold together adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine base pairs in DNA structures.

Glycosidic Bond

A lipophilic chemical linkage between oxygen atoms in carbohydrates that can form or break under heat waves.

Heat Wave Glycosidic Cleavage

The breaking of carbohydrate glycosidic bonds caused by thermal energy exposure.