Anatomy Unit 2

Flexion

decrease in the angle of the joint

Extension

increase in the angle of the joint.

Abduction

movement away from the body

Adduction

movement toward the body.

Circumduction

combined movement of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a circular motion.

Lateral Rotation

rotation that moves the anterior surface of the bone laterally

Medial Rotation

rotation that moves the anterior surface of the bone medially.

Supination

occurs when the forearm is in anatomical position, with the radius and ulna parallel

Pronation

occurs when the radius and ulna cross so that the palm of the hand is posterior.

Elevation

moving the bone superiorly

Depression

moving the bone inferiorly. Elevation and depression also occur at the mandible.

Protraction

when the bone is protruding, either pushing the mandible anteriorly or hunching your shoulders to move the scapulae anteriorly.

Retraction

placing the same bone back in position, either moving the mandible back to normal from a protruded position or moving your shoulders back to move the scapulae posteriorly (as seen in "proper" posture).

Bones of the pectoral girdle

clavicle, scapula.

Bones of the arm

humerus

Bones of the forearm

radius, ulna

Bones of the wrist/hand

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Medial border of scapula

The more “curved” side. Attachment for the serratus anterior muscle

Lateral border of the scapula

The “straighter” side

Glenoid Cavity

The large fossa on the scapula where the humerus connects

Coracoid process

The “smaller” process on the scapula. Attachment for the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps brachii

Acromion process

The “larger” process on the scapula.

Supraspinous fossa

Above the scapular spine. Attachment for the supraspinatus muscle

Infraspinous fossa

Below the scapular spine. Attachment for the infraspinatus muscle

Subscapular fossa

On the underside of the scapula. Attachment for the subscapularis muscle

Sternoclavicular joint

between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle

Acromioclavicular joint

located between the acromion process and the clavicle

Head of the humerus

The large upper portion

Anatomical neck of the humerus

Area just below the head

Surgical neck of the humerus

Thinnest portion of the humerus

Greater tubercle of the humerus

The larger tubercle of the humerus. Attachment site for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles. 

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

The smaller tubercle. Attachment site for the subscapularis muscle

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

The groove between the tubercles. Attachment for the pectoralis major, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Just below the greater tubercle, where the bone gets rough (hard to see). Attachment for the deltoid muscle. 

Glenohumeral joint

between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Trochlea

The larger end of the distal humerus. 

Capitulum

Smaller end of the distal humerus

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

The larger epicondyle, on the same side as the ulna. Attachment site for the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus

The smaller epicondyle, on the same side as the radius. Attachment site for the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

Olecranon of the ulna

The larger part of the “hook”. Attachment site for the triceps brachii

Radial tuberosity

The portion of the proximal radius that “sticks out”. Attachment for the biceps brachii.

Coronoid process

The smaller part of the ulnar “hook”

Trochlear notch

The inside of the ulnar “hook” 

Ulnohumeral joint

articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna

Radiohumeral joint 

articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius

Proximal radioulnar joint

Where the radius and ulna meet at the elbow

Distal radioulnar joint

Where the radius and ulna meet at the wrist

Proximal row of carpal bones

The 4 bones closest to the wrist. Need to know the scaphoid and lunate

Distal row of carpal bones

The second row of carpals, furthest from the wrist

Radiocarpal joint

between the distal radius and the scaphoid and lunate bones

Metacarpals

The bones directly after the carpals

Manual proximal phalanges

After the metacarpals 

manual middle phalanges

After the proximal phalanges

Manual distal phalanges

After the middle phalanges

Trapezius action

Downward and upward rotation, depression and elevation, and retraction of scapula

Latissimus Dorsi action

Extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

Rhomboid action

Retraction of the scapula

Levator scapulae action

Elevation of the scapula

Trapezius innervation

spinal accessory nerve

Latissimus dorsi innervation

Thoracodorsal nerve

Rhomboid Innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

Levator scapulae innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

Deltoid action

abduction of the shoulder

Deltoid innervation

axillary nerve

Teres major action

Extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoulder

Teres major innervation

Lower subscapular nerve

Pectoralis major action

flexion of shoulder

Pectoralis major innervation

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Pectoralis minor action

Depression of scapula

Pectoralis minor innervation

medial pectoral nerve

Serratus anterior action

protraction of scapula

Serratus anterior innervation

long thoracic nerve

Biceps brachii action

Supination, flexion of the shoulder and elbow

Biceps brachii innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

Coracobrachialis action

flexion of shoulder

coracobrachialis innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

Brachialis action

flexion of the elbow

Brachialis innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

Triceps brachii action

extension of the shoulder and elbow

Triceps brachii innervation

radial nerve

Thenar group action

movements of the thumb

Thenar group innervation

recurrent branch of median nerve

Hypothenar group action

movements of the pinky finger

Hypothenar group innervation

Deep ulnar nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve innervation

anterior arm compartment

Radial nerve innervation

posterior arm and forearm compartments

Ulnar nerve innervation

anterior forearm and hypothenar

Trunks of the brachial plexus

Superior (C5/6), Middle (C7), Inferior (C8/T1)

Cords of the brachial plexus

Lateral cord (closer to shoulder), posterior cord (in the middle, back), medial cord (closest to the trunk)

Lateral cord branches

musculocutaneous nerve, and the median nerve (with medial cord)

Medial cord branches

The median nerve (with the lateral cord), the ulnar nerve

Posterior Cord branches

Axillary nerve and radial nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

Motor innervation: muscles of anterior compartment of arm

Sensory innervation: lateral forearm

Median Nerve

motor innervation: anterior compartment of forearm

Sensory innervation: lateral aspect of palmar hand

Ulnar Nerve

Superficial branch:

Deep branch:

Axillary nerve

Motor innervation: deltoid and teres minor

Sensory innervation: lateral shoulder 

Radial nerve

Motor innervation: muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

Superficial: sensory innervation to the lateral dorsum of the hand

Deep: motor innervation to muscles of posterior compartment of forearm

Bones of the pelvic girdle

right and left pelvic bones

Obturator foramen

large opening on the anterior aspect of the pelvic bone (pelvic girdle)

Ilium

Largest, uppermost part of the hip bone