PLT Terms

Self-Efficacy

the belief in one's self to accomplish a task

Due Process Rights/Assurances

the legal obligation of the government to respect an individual's legal rights, guaranteed by the 5th and 14th amendments

Assessment

tools used to evaluate student growth and determine whether educational goals are being met

Asynchronous Communication

communication that does not occur at the same place or time

Connectionism

Students learn by repeating a series of stimulus and response.

Escape (BF)

a behavior function that the student exhibits to get out of assignments, activities, or tasks

Graphic Organizer

a visual display that helps students organize information

Albert Bandura

theorist known for theories of observational learning and the social learning theory

FAPE

an educational right of all children to receive instruction tailored to their needs at no cost to their family by the local education agency

Qualitative Assessments

assessments that describe a person, object, or activity

Summative Assessments

evaluations at the end of an instructional period that assesses overall learning

Self-Assessment Rubric

students evaluate their own work according to set criteria

Universal Screener

assessment administered to all students to gather data and form groups, such as intervention groups

Grade-Equivalent Scoring

tests that measure an individual in relation to a typical student at a given grade level

Clarity of Language

does not contain ambiguous pronouns, words at too high a vocabulary level, or slang terms

Validity

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

Absence of Bias

Material based on common situations that all students will have encountered and that will not trigger an emotional response.

Norm-Referenced Tests

tests that compare an individual's performance/achievement to a group called the "norm group"

Curriculum-Based Assessments

testing the curriculum being taught

Diagnostic Assessment/Pre-Assessment

Assessment administered before instruction to determine students' strengths and weaknesses

Analytic Rubric

assesses each part of the assignment individually, with multiple categories that are graded

Informal Assessments

more flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested

Holistic Scoring

a simple grading structure that bases a grade on overall quality

Exit Slips

A short formative assessment given by a teacher after completing a lesson to determine the degree to which students have learned the material taught in the lesson.

Portfolio

collection of student's work and achievements that is used to assess past accomplishments and future potential; can include finished work in a variety of media and can contain materials from several courses over time

Congruent Assessment

an assessment that tests the learning outcomes described in the learning objectives

Formal Assessments

a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application; often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria

Percentile Rank

the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it.

Formative Assessments

ongoing evaluations to monitor student progress

Analytic Scoring

a more complex grading structure that takes many factors into account

Reliability of Assessments

the consistency and stability of assessment results over time, indicating that the evaluation produces similar outcomes under similar conditions for students

Holistic Rubric

evaluates the quality of the assignment as a whole

Performance-Based Assessment

assessment that requires students to show mastery of specific skills by demonstrating, producing, or performing something

Criterion-Referenced Tests

tests in which a standard has been set for the test taker to achieve in order to pass the test

Progress Monitoring

periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

Appropriate Level

leveled to where the content was taught when considering depth and difficulty

Threats of Harm to Others

verbal or behavioral signs that a person may intend to injure another individual

Equity

the opportunity for all student to have equal success in their education

Fair Use

a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without the owner's permission under certain conditions

Mandated Reporter

an individual who is legally required to report suspected cases of child abuse or neglect to the appropriate authorities, such as child protective services or law enforcement

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

a federal law that protects the confidentiality of students and their records; Safeguards student educational records kept by schools, including grades and attendance and discipline records

Threats to Self-Harm

any statement or behavior indicating a person may intend to hurt themselves

Learning Management System (LMS)

platform used to create and deliver digital content

Database

used to store and organize information

Bloom's Taxonomy

a hierarchy of levels of knowledge; each level has associated verbs teachers can use to start questions

Teaching To The Middle

focusing instruction at the average student and failing to consider students in need of remediation or enrichment

Thematic Unit

a unit that has an overarching, uniting idea or topic, and incorporates skills into that theme; it can be within one subject area or support cross-curricular instruction

Learning Goals

the "big picture" focus of a class or unit within a class

Cognitive Domain

knowledge skills

Learning Objectives

specific, measurable goals that define what learners are expected to know, understand, or be able to do as a result of instruction, guiding both teaching and assessment

Collaboration Software

applications designed for multiple users to share and work on files and documents together

Relevance

an authentic connection to the learner's experience, which makes what is being learned more meaningful

Remediation

providing specific students further instruction on a skill or concept to bring them up to mastery or into alignment with the rest of the class

Affective Domain

emotional skills

Scope and Sequence

a plan for the order and depth of skills to be taught throughout the year; refers to the topics to be covered and how deeply to cover them, describes the order in which the topics are to be taught

Enrichment

providing an extension of skills or activities for students who have already mastered the grade-level expectation

Multimedia Presentation

presentations that incorporate sounds, images, videos, and text to impart the speaker's message

Backward Design/Planning

lesson planning that begins with the desired outcome in mind

Data Filtering

choosing specific part of data set for viewing

Closure Activity

a time to summarize the learning for the day

Interdisciplinary Learning

relating to more than one curriculum area

Psychomotor Domain

physical, motor skills

Non-Interventionist

Theory assumes people are naturally striving to be good and they want to improve, and thus the teacher does not need to intervene regarding behavior issues because the child is trying to improve

Negative Punishment

removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Punishment

a penalty given in response to a behavior

Positive Punishment

presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Behaviorism

learning theory rooted in the notion that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

Differentiated Instruction

tailoring teaching methods to meet individual needs

Feedback

information provided to individuals about their performance or behavior, often highlighting strengths, areas for improvement, and suggestions for further development, with the aim of promoting learning, growth, and improvement

Positive Reinforcement

presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior

Classical Conditioning

Positive stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus and repeated. Then the positive stimulus is removed and the neutral stimulus has the same effect.

Balanced Feedback

teachers let students know both their strengths and weaknesses when giving feedback

Operant Conditioning

This theory uses positive and negative stimulus to get a particular outcome.

Timely Feedback

teachers provide feedback to students in a timely manner so they have adequate time to apply it

Teacher Wait Time

the silence that often comes after a question has been asked but before students have finished considering their answer and/or find the courage to speak up

Scaffolding

providing temporary support to students to achieve a task

Interventionists

The opposite of non-interventionists. They think by providing external stimulation, they can alter behavior and therefore control the individual's actions.

Rubric

assessment tool that outlines specific criteria and performance levels for evaluating student work, providing clear guidelines and standards for both instructors and students to ensure consistent and objective grading

Non-Verbal Response

a way to communicate without speaking

Hierarchy of Needs

learning theory developed by Maslow - in order for people to meet their full potential they must meet a series of needs

Interactionist

Theorizes that action can be explained by analyzing the factors around the child. They think that growth occurs during the interaction between the child and society, and by studying all the factors that it is possible to understand and conceivably alter behavior by altering the various factors.

Extrinsic/External Motivation

the motive for the activity comes from outside the individual

Specific Feedback

teachers are clear and particular when giving feedback and provide next steps so students know what to do about it

Student Engagement

the level of attention and interest students demonstrate while learning

Negative Reinforcement

removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Intrinsically Motivated

students draw their motivation from the learning process itself

Reinforcement

providing positive responses to positive behaviors in an effort to increase the frequency

Abraham Maslow

theorist known for developing Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Stages of Development (Erikson)

Learning theory developed by Erik Erikson - people must pass through eight life stages in order to fulfill their own potential. Failure to complete any phase will hinder their ability to continue growth with success.

Automatic (BF)

a behavior function-self-stimulating- that a child does unconsciously to calm themselves down

Self-Esteem

belief in one's self and one's abilities

Sensorimotor Stage

occurring from birth to two years, in which the world is experienced through objects.

Annotate

making notes in a text and questioning unfamiliar ideas while reading something new

Formal Operation Stage

occurring from 12 years old and beyond, in which people can use deductive reasoning to think abstractly and solve complex problems

Jean Piaget

theorist known for his theory of cognitive development

Morality

principles derived from a religion, culture, or belief system; differentiation of right and wrong

Delayed Gratification

when a person delays and immediate urge

Concrete Operational Stage

occurring from 7 years old to adolescence, in which children begin to think logically and use inductive reasoning

Self-Regulation

the ability of a person to control their emotions, body, and behavior when faced with an unwanted situation

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

a plan for improving behavior that impedes learning as determined in the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) process