Chemistry Reaction Pathways and Tests

What is the test to identify carboxylic acid?

Add water and test pH (should be an acid, pH below 7)

What is the test to identify an amine?

Add water and test pH (should be a base, pH above 7)

What is the test to identify alkanes and alkenes?

Add bromine water and observe colour change (if it stays brownish, then alkane, if colourless, then alkene)

What is the Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) colour change for alcohols?

Primary and secondary will become green. Tertiary will remain orange. (Oxidises the OH group in alcohol)

What is the Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) colour change for alcohols?

Primary and secondary will become brown or clear. Tertiary will remain purple.

Alkane to haloalkane

Substitution - UV light or 200 Degrees Celsius

Haloalkane to amine

Substitution - Ethanol, Sealed Tube and Heat

Haloalkane to alcohol

Substitution - 100 Degrees Celsius

Haloalkane to haloalkane

Substitution - Ethanol and Stirring

Tertiary alcohol to haloalkane

Substitution - HCl and Catalyst (Lucas Reagent)

Primary alcohol to haloalkane

Substitution - Heat and H2SO4

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Addition of Halogen across a double or triple bond - No heat or catalyst required

Alkene to alkane

Addition of hydrogen - Metal catalyst

Alkene to haloalkane

Addition of hydrohalide - No heat or catalyst required

What is Markovnikov’s Rule?

The hydrogen atom (H) will attach to the carbon atom already bonded to the most hydrogen atoms, while the halide (X) will bond to the other carbon atom. Major is more desired. Minor is less desired

Alkene to alcohol

Addition of water - 300 Degrees Celsius, 60 atm, H2SO4

Alkene to polyalkane

Addition reactions of alkene monomers - Heat, High pressure, Catalyst

Haloalkane to alkene

Elimination - Strong base, NaOH or KOH, Ethanol and Heat

Alcohol to alkene

Elimination - Strong acid H2SO4 and Heat

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Oxidation - 70 Degrees Celsius, H2SO4, K2Cr2O7

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Oxidation - 50 Degrees Celsius, H2SO4, K2Cr2O7

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Oxidation - 50 Degrees Celsius, H2SO4, K2Cr2O7

Explain the process from primary alcohol to aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Primary alcohol to aldehyde is loss of 2 hydrogens and aldehyde to carboxylic acid is gain of 1 oxygen

Carboxylic acid with alcohol to ester

Esterification between carboxyl group and hydroxyl group - Heat and Mineral acid catalyst

Carboxylic acid with amine to amide

Amide synthesis (by product of water) - Heat greater than 100 Degrees Celsius