scale of globalisation

What is uneven globalisation?

The idea that globalisation affects places differently, with some places becoming highly connected while others remain less connected.

Why is globalisation uneven?

It is influenced by variations in physical factors, infrastructure, and government policies and attitudes.

What are "switched-off" places?

Places that are largely disconnected from global networks and flows.

What are "switched-on" places?

Places that are highly connected to global networks and experience high levels of globalisation.

What factors can cause a place to become "switched-off"?

Historical, physical, political, economic and environmental factors.

Give examples of "switched-off" places.

North Korea and Niger.

Why is North Korea considered a "switched-off" place?

Its political policies restrict connections with the global economy and international networks.

Why can rural areas become "switched-off"?

They may have limited infrastructure, fewer economic connections and lower levels of investment.

What characteristics do "switched-on" places have?

High connectivity, high levels of trade, FDI, advanced infrastructure and the presence of TNCs.

What does high connectivity mean?

A place has strong connections to other places through flows of people, money, goods, services and information.

Why does advanced infrastructure encourage globalisation?

It allows goods, people, information and capital to move more quickly and efficiently.

How can globalisation be measured?

Using indices that measure the level of economic, social and political integration of places.

What is the KOF Index of Globalisation?

An index that measures the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation.

What does the KOF Index measure?

Economic, social and political aspects of globalisation.

What is one limitation of the KOF Index?

It scores countries out of 100 but the available information can be outdated or incomplete.

What cultural limitation does the KOF Index have?

It may contain cultural bias when measuring aspects of globalisation.

How many countries did the KOF Index information cover according to the notes?

122 countries.

What is the AT Kearney Global Cities Index?

An index used to measure the global connectedness and importance of cities.

When was the AT Kearney Global Cities Index first published?

2008.

What does the AT Kearney Global Cities Index consider?

Factors including population, economic activity, political influence and global connections such as TNCs.

How many cities were included in the AT Kearney Global Cities Index according to the notes?

156 cities.

What are TNCs?

Transnational corporations: companies that operate in more than one country.

Why are TNCs important to globalisation?

They connect countries through investment, production, trade and global supply chains.

Why do some countries benefit more from TNCs?

TNCs may concentrate investment and production in places with favourable economic conditions and infrastructure.

What is offshoring?

Moving part of a company's production or business processes to another country.

Why do TNCs offshore production?

To reduce costs and take advantage of cheaper labour or other favourable conditions.

What is outsourcing?

Contracting another company to carry out part of a business's production or services.

What is the difference between offshoring and outsourcing?

Offshoring involves moving activities to another country, while outsourcing involves contracting another company to perform them. They can occur together.

What are global production networks?

Networks of connected suppliers, producers and businesses involved in producing goods and services across different countries.

How do global production networks increase globalisation?

They connect businesses and countries through international production, trade and investment.

What is glocalisation?

The process of adapting a product or service to suit local tastes and markets.

Why do TNCs use glocalisation?

To make their products more appealing to consumers in different local markets.

How does glocalisation show that globalisation is not completely uniform?

Global products may be adapted to different cultures, tastes and preferences.

What is a TNC's supply chain?

The network of businesses and processes involved in producing and distributing a product.

How can TNCs connect different countries through supply chains?

Different stages of production can occur in different countries, creating international economic links.

What is FDI?

Foreign Direct Investment: investment by a company or individual in businesses or assets located in another country.

How does FDI contribute to globalisation?

It creates economic connections between countries and allows businesses to operate internationally.

Why can FDI help create "switched-on" places?

It can bring investment, jobs, infrastructure and stronger connections to global markets.

What role do TNCs play in "switched-on" places?

They contribute to high levels of investment, trade, employment and international connectivity.

What role does infrastructure play in creating "switched-on" places?

Advanced transport and communication infrastructure makes it easier for places to connect to global flows.

What role does trade play in creating "switched-on" places?

High levels of international trade connect places to global markets and production networks.

What can cause a place to become more connected to globalisation?

Investment, improved infrastructure, increased trade, FDI, TNC activity and favourable government policies.

What can cause a place to become less connected to globalisation?

Political isolation, poor infrastructure, economic problems, environmental challenges or government policies that restrict international connections.

What are the three main types of flows associated with globalisation?

Flows of goods and services, capital and money, and people, alongside flows of information and ideas.

How do global flows contribute to uneven globalisation?

Some places receive much greater flows of capital, people, goods, services and information than others.

Why are TNCs described as being vital to globalisation?

They operate across multiple countries and connect different places through investment, production, trade and supply chains.

What is the relationship between TNCs and global production networks?

TNCs establish and manage networks of suppliers and production sites across different countries.