Abdominal Veins and Visceral Innervation

What is involved in the caval system

the inferior and superior vena cava

what is involved in the portal system

the organs of the GI tract and the liver

What drains into the inferior vena cava

blood from most of the lower body drain into it

What drains into the hepatic portal vein

the nutrient rich blood from the GI tract and the spleen drain into it

What happens to nutrient rich blood before it joins the inferior vena cava

it will get filtered by the liver and join it via hepatic veins

Where is the IVC

it is to the right of the midline, causing the left renal vein to be substantially longer

Where do left veins drain into

they drain into the renal vein rather than directly into the IVC

What happens to the gonads during development

they develop superiorly and then undergo relative descent

What happens at the hepatic veins

they portal system drains back into the IVC

what does the left suprarenal and gonadal vein drain into

they drain into the renal vein

what does the right suprarenal and gonadal vein drain into

they drain into the IVC

which renal vein is longer

they left is much longer than the right

what is nutcracker syndrome

it is compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery which leads to blockage of venous return from the left kidney and gonad

what can the nutcracker syndrome be due to

can be due to the visceral fat going away which decreases the angle between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta which pinches the left renal vein

What can problems with venous drainage lead to

it can lead to symptoms like referred pain, blood in urine and varicose

what 3 major vessels join to form the hepatic portal vein

the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein

what does the portal system drain into

it drains into the liver

what does the splenic vein run with

it runs with the cardiac artery

what does the splenic vein do

it drains blood from the foregut and spleen

what does the superior mesenteric vein do

it drains blood from the midgut

what does the inferior mesenteric vein do

it drains blood from the hindgut

what does the spleen do

it filters blood, isn’t a digestive organ or part of the digestive tract

how does blood enter the liver

it enter through both the proper hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

what does the hepatic portal vein carry

it carries venous blood, contains nutrients and toxins

what does the proper hepatic artery carry

it carries regular anterior blood supply to the liver and provides it with oxygen

what does the liver do

it filters blood and metabolizes nutrients

where do the hepatic veins go

they go to the cable system

what are the components of the portal triad

the hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery and the common bile duct

where do the hepatic veins drain

they drain into the IVC just below the diaphragm, before it passes through the caval hiatus

where are the hepatic veins

they are in between the liver and the IVC but are mainly in the liver and are very short

What does elevated pressure in the hepatic portal vein do

it forces blood that would normally drain via the portal system into the systemic circulation at sites of portacaval anastomosis

what is elevated pressure in the hepatic portal vein often due to

it is often due to cirrhosis

What does elevated pressure in the hepatic portal vein lead to

it can lead to enlargement of vein in these regions

what are common sites for portacaval anastomoses

gastro-esophageal junction, umbilical region, and-rectal junction

what are varicose

they are swollen veins, which can happen everywhere

what is caput medusae

it is varices (swollen veins) around the umbilicus that are frequently associated with portal hypertension

what is somatic innervation

it is nerves that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles

what is visceral innervation

it is nerves the innervate the viscera (organs of the body) and can be motor or sensory

what does sympathetic innervation do

it increases epinephrine release, decrease GI motility and urine production

what does the parasympathetic innervation do

it relaxes sphincters, increase GI motility and digestive enzyme production and increases urine production

what are the vertebral levels for the greater splanchnic nerves

T5-T9

what are the vertebral levels for the lesser splanchnic nerves

T10-T11

what is the vertebral level for the least splanchnic nerves

T12

where is the celiac gangila

it is on the celiac trunk

What is the celiac ganglia the location of

it is the location of synapse for neurons in the greater splanchnic nerves

where is the superior mesenteric ganglion

it is on the superior mesenteric arteries

where is the aorticorenal ganglion

it is on the renal arteries

where is the inferior mesenteric ganglion

it is on the inferior mesenteric artery

what do the thoracic splanchnic nerves contain

they contain preganglionic sympathetic neurons which synapse in pre vertebral ganglia

What are the components of the prearotic plexus

celiac, renal, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric and superior hypogastric plexus

where do the celiac and renal plexus go to

they go to the foregut and kidneys

where does the superior mesenteric plexus go

it goes to the midgut

where does the inferior mesenteric plexus go

it goes to the hindgut

where does the superior hypogastric plexus go

it goes to the pelvic viscera

What gives parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut

the vagus nerve gives it

where does the vagus nerve travel

it enters the abdomen as anterior and posterior vagal trunks on the esophagus then travels through the same plexus as the sympathetic and visceral sensory nerves associated with the foregut and midgut

where does parasympathetic innervation for the hindgut and pelvis come from

it comes from S2-S4 which arise as pelvic splanchnic nerves

where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves travel

they enter the inferior hypogastric plexus and ascend toward the inferior mesenteric region to reach the hindgut viscera

how does visceral sensation return to the spinal cord

it returns via the same pathway as sympathetics

where does visceral sensation come from

it comes from organs and visceral peritoneum