Cell Structure & Function, Tissue Types, Musculoskeletal System

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell structure, tissue types (epithelial and connective), and musculoskeletal system components.

Phospholipid

A cell membrane component with a hydrophobic tail that hates water and a hydrophilic head that loves water.

Hypertonic solution

A cell shrinks/crenates

Hypotonic solution

Cell swells & will be hemolysed

Microvilli

Finger-like projections that increase surface area and absorption; Located in intestine, renal tubules.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages proteins into vesicles (small bags) & secretes hormones; rich in glands.

Centriole

Cell division

Nucleus

Stores genetic information

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis of proteins

Mitochondria

Produce ATP; contain crista and matrix; rich in muscle.

Lysosome

Enzymes that digest foreign substances or dead organelles; rich in WBCs: phagocytosis.

Microtubules

Give shape to the cells and are found in microvilli and cilia.

Cilia

Hair-like extensions: move secretion across its surface located in bronchi

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Detoxification, synthesis of steroids; rich in liver located here.

Epithelia

Covers

Connective tissue

Connects

Muscle tissue

Contracts

Neural tissue

Conducts

Glands

Secretes

Simple Squamous

Diffusion (thin, flat), Alveoli, blood vessels

Cuboidal

Secretion & absorption (cubed) Kidney tubules, glands

Columnar

Secretion & absorption(column), intestines

Pseudostratified

protection (looks multiple but only single later), trachea, bronchi

Transitional

Withstand stretching (Urinary bladder & ureters)

Fibroblasts

Most common connective tissue cell; produces fibers and ground substance.

Macrophages

Connective tissue cells that Phagocytizes damaged cells and foreign bodies.

Fat cells (Adipocytes)

Connective tissue cells that Contain large droplets of lipid, nucleus pushed to sides.

Mast cells

Connective tissue cells that Release chemicals (histamine) during injury or inflammation.

Collagen fibers

Protein fibers that Provide strength, long, straight, unbranched, strong, and flexible.

Elastic fibers

Protein fibers that Contain elastin, branched, wavy, stretchable.

Reticular fibers

Protein fibers that Support blood vessels, thin, branching, interwoven framework.

Dense connective tissue

Connective tissue: Tendon

Dense Connective tissue

Connective tissue: Ligament

Hyaline

Cartilage: rough & Flexible

Fibro

Cartilage: Tough & durable'

Elastic

Cartilage: Resilient & flexible

Liver

Located at right hypochondrium

Parotid glands

Located near the ear

Mucosa

Lined by simple columnar epithelium

Cardiac sphincter

Prevent reflux of acidic chyme into oesophagus

Pyloric sphincter

Prevent rapid emptying of food into intestines

Rugae

Folds of mucosa on the inner surface

Duodenum

25 cm long C-shaped and curved around pancreas

Ileocecal Valve

Sphere that controls flow of materials into large intestines

Rectum

Has to be tested with enough faeces

Caudate lobe

Located posteriorly near the inferior vena cava

Quadrate lobe

Square-shaped next to gallbladder

Hepatocytes

Liver cells arrange in rows like spokes of a wheel

Fundus, Body, Neck, Cystic Duct

Gallbladder parts

Right hepatic duct, Left hepatic duct, Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct, Common bile duct

Bile duct parts

Pancreas

Endocrine or exocrine organ - Head, Body, Tail

Long bone

Length > width. E.g., bones of limbs

Short bone

Length = width. E.g., bones of wrist, ankle

Flat bone

Thin and broad. E.g., ribs, sternum

Diaphysis

Bone center, has yellow bone marrow

Epiphyses

Bone expanded end, has red bone marrow

Periosteum

bone outermost covering

Endosteum

Bone innermost lining

Compact bone

Dense, solid bone tissue; found in external layer and shafts of long bones

Spongy bone

Lighter, soft bone tissue; found in epiphyses of long bones, short, flat, irregular bones

Osteon

Functional unit in compact bone

Fibrous joints

Connected by dense connective bone (immovable joints)

Cartilaginous joints

Small movement bone connective by cartilage fiber

Synovial joints

Wide range of movement joints that are covered by artilage

Amphiarthrosis and Cartilaginous Joints

Joints ends connected by collagen fibers or cartilage

Suture

Immovable, Skull bone of skull

Gomphosis

Immovable joints between teeth & socket

Suture

Between bones of skull

Gomphosis

A type of movable fibrous joint where a peg-like structure bits into a socket

Pubic Symphysis

Between 2 bones

Diarthrosis

Has articular end covered by articular cartilage wthSynovial membrane

Ball and Socket Joint

Round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression

Orbicularis Oculi

Circular muscle fibers circled around eyes

Orbicularis Oris

Circular muscle fibers circled around mouth

Frontalis

Fan like muscle from epicranial aponeurosis to eyebrows

Zygomaticus

Muscle extends from zygomatic bone to angle of mouth

Masseter

From zygomatic bone to

Temporalis

From temporal region to mandible

Sternocleidomastoid

From mastoid process to sternum and clavicle

Diaphragm

Between thorax and anddomen

Intercostal

Between ribs

Pectoralis Major

Formmidline of chest to humerus

Deltoid

From superior surface of shoulder to humerus

Bicepts

Located in anterior compartment of arms

Triceps

Located in posterior

Gluteus maximus

Largest muscle; located in buttocks

Gracilis

Located in anterior compartment of thigh

Hamstring

Located in posterior compartment of thigh

Gastrocnemius

Located in posterior compartment of the leg

Tibialis

Located in anterior compartment of leg