chapter 15 the heart and cardiovascular system

which circuit sends oxygen-depleted blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload CO2

pulmonary

which circuit sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients to all body cells and remove wastes

systemic

the heart is located where in regards to sternum

posterior

the heart is located where in regards to the lungs

medial

encloses heart and proximal ends if large blood vessels to which it attaches

pericardium

force blood into arteries

ventricles

separate right and left atrium

interatrial septum

separate ventricles

interventricular septum

atria to ventricle

atrioventricular orfice

encircles heart between atria and ventricle

antrioventricular sulcus

two that mark the septum that separates the ventricles

interventricular sulci

receives blood from inferior vena cava, superior vena cava and the coronary sinus

right atrium

receives blood from pulmonary veins

left atrium

receives blood from the right atrium and has a thinner wall

right ventricle

receives blood from the left atrium

left ventricle

mounds of cardiac muscles that contract when RV contract

papillary muscle

strong, fibrous strings, attached to cusps of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves

chord tendinae

prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

tricuspid valve

prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

pulmonary valve

prevents blood from moving from left ventricle into left atrium during ventricular contraction

mitral valve

prevents blood from moving from aorta into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

aortic valve

when one or more cusps stretch into left atrium during left ventricle contraction

mitral valve prolapse

supply blood to tissues of the heart

coronary arteries

travels in anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricular walls

anterior interventricular artery

what creates extra vascular branches to oxygenate the heart

exercise

travels along posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricular walls

posterior interventricular artery

passes along lower border of the heart and supply walls of RA and RV

marginal artery

thrombus or embolus blocks or narrows coronary artery branch and deprives myocardial cells of oxygen producing ischemia

angina pectoris

if a clot completely obstructs the coronary artery and kills part of the heart it results in a what

myocardial infarction

first heart sound that occurs during ventricular systole

lubb

second heart sound that occurs during ventricular diastole

dupp

abnormal heart sound of a leaking valve

murmur

cardiac muscles form a functional unit, what is the functional unit/ group of cells called

syncytium

small, elongated mass of specialized tissue beneath the epicardium

S-A node

what is the only normal conduction pathway between atrial and ventricular syncytia

A-V node

carry impulse to distant regions faster than cell-to-cell conduction

purkinje fiber

atrial depolarization is which wave

P wave

ventricular depolarization is which wave

QRS wave

ventricular depolarization is which wave

T wave

recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium and is used to assess the hearts ability to conduct impulses

Electrocardiogram

what is secreted that decreases activity of S-A and A-V nodes

Acetylcholine

what nerve controls heart rate

vegus nerve

accelerates the heart, secretes norepinephrine

sympathetic

carries blood away from ventricles of heart

arteries

receive blood from arteries and carry blood to capillaries

arterioles

sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells

Capillaries

receive blood from capillaries

venules

carry blood toward ventricle of heart

veins

thick, strong elastic walls, endothelial walls that rest on connective tissue

artery

thinner walls than arteries with endothelial lining

arterioles

walls of the arteries are made of what type of cells

simple squamous epithelial

which layer of the vessels is smooth surface that allow blood cells and platelets to flow and prevents blood clotting and regulate blood flow

endothelium lining

which layer of vessels is the bulk of the arterial wall made up of smooth muscle fibers and elastic connective tissue

middle layer

which layer of vessels is connective tissue with elastic and collagenous fibers that attach artery to surrounding tissue

outer layer

what is another word for vessel

tunic

smallest arterioles only have a few what

smooth muscle fibers

connects arteriole to capillary or directly to venule

metartriole

smallest diameter blood vessels

extensions of inner lining of arterioles

walls of endothelium only

semipermeable

capillaries

cavities between cells in capillary

sinusoids

higher metabolism rate of the tissue results in what

higher blood flow

respond to the needs of the cells, low oxygen and nutrients cause sphincter to relax, and may close capillary

precapillary sphincters

RV unable to pump blood out rapidly resulting in blood backing up in the veins, venules, and capillaries is called what

heart failure

thinner wall than arteriole and less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole

venule

thinner than artery and three layers to wall but middle layer is poorly developed and have some flaplike valves

vein

force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

blood pressure

maximum pressure exerted on the inner walls of the heart

systolic

minimum pressure exerted on the inner walls of the heart

diastolic

alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall that can be felt

pulse

volume of blood discharged from the ventricle with each contraction

stroke volume

multiplying stroke volume by the heart rate in beats per minute

cardiac output

friction between blood and walls of blood vessels and blood pressure must overcome this force

peripheral resistance

what happens if blood accumulates in vessels, the vessel will

contract

can cause an aneurysm and is a result of fatty diets, high BP smoking obesity or lack of exercise

atherosclerosis

controlling what regulates blood pressure

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

end diastolic volume

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

end systolic volume

what is the load in heart prior to contraction

preload

relationship between fiber length and force of contraction

frank-starling law of heart

preload ensures that volume discharged from the heart is equal to what

volume entering the heart

amount of force the ventricle must produce to open the semilunar valves to eject blood

afterload

what happens to after load if arterial pressure increases

increases after load

not dependent on skeletal muscle contraction, breathing, or venoconstriction. not a direct result of heart action

venous blood flow

caused by a backup in the peripheral vein causing swelling and distension. This is called

jugular venous distension

consists of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

pulmonary circuit

how many pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium

4

composed of vessels that lead from the heart to all body parts except the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circuit

system of veins that return blood to the right atrium is part of which circuit

systemic circuit

rapid, uncoordinated depolorization of ventricles

ventricular Fibrillation

rapid heartbeat

tachycardia

rapid rate of atrial depolarization

atrial flutter