Unit 2 APES

Biodiversity

Ecosystem diversity

The number of given habitats available in a given area

Species diversity

The number of different species in an ecosystem and the balance/ evenness of the population sizes of all species in the ecosystem

Genetic diversity

How different the genes are of individuals within a population

Higher biodiversity = ?

higher ecosystem resilience to disturbance

Richness ( r )

The total number of different species found in a particular ecosystem.

Evenness

a measure of how all of the individual organisms in an ecosystem are balanced between the different species

benefits of genetic diversity

better response to environmental stressors

bottleneck event

an environmental disturbance that reduces the pop. size and kills organisms regardless of their genomes.

Inbreeding depression

organisms mate closely with related family members. Smaller populations are most likely to expierience this

Ecosystem resilience

the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances

Provisioning

Goods taken directly from ecosystems to satisfy human needs, such as food, water, and raw materials.

Regulating

services that help maintain environmental conditions, such as climate regulation, water purification, and pollination.

Supporting

services that enhance the productivity of ecosystems, such as nutrient cycling and habitat provision.

Cultural

Money generated by recreation or scientific knowledge

How are ecosystem services disrupted

Human Activity like habitat destruction and pollution

Island biogeography

study of relationships and community structures on islands

What are the 2 basic rules of Island biogeography

1. Larger islands support more species than smaller islands.

2. Islands closer to the mainland have a higher rate of species immigration.

Larger islands

more biodiversity, more niches/roles, larger population, lower extinction rate

Island size and species richness

positive correlation

Distance to mainland

higher species richness, easier to migrate, and fewer species

distance from mainland and species richness

inverse relationship

Islands have limited

space and resources

Adaptive radiation

single species rapidly evolving into several new species to use different resources and reduce competition

Ex: Beaks

Ecological range of tolerance

Range of conditions a species can survive in. Ex: temp, salinity, pH, or sunlight

Optimal range

range where organisms can survive and grow

Zone of physiological stress

range where organisms can survive but experience some form of stress.

Zone of intolerance

Range of conditions where organisms cannot survive.