BIO 030 MIDTERM (Oogenesis + Menstrual Cycle)

What is the vulva?

External genital structures

What is the vagina?

The internal canal

Vulva vs vagina?

Vulva = external structures Vagina = internal canal

Where are Bartholin's glands located?

Near the vaginal opening

What do Bartholin's glands produce?

Mucus that helps with lubrication and protection

What can happen to Bartholin's glands?

They can become clogged and swollen

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Perimetrium myometrium and endometrium

What is the perimetrium?

The outer thin membrane of the uterus

What is the myometrium?

The middle muscular layer of the uterus

What is the endometrium?

The inner lining of the uterus

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

It thickens in preparation for pregnancy and sheds during menstruation

What are the ovaries?

Gonads that produce ova and hormones

What major hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogens and progesterone

What does estrogen help regulate?

The menstrual cycle and secondary sex characteristics

What does progesterone do?

Helps regulate the cycle and prepare and maintain the uterine lining for pregnancy

What does an ovarian follicle contain?

An immature oocyte

What are the functions of a follicle?

Nourishes the oocyte and produces estrogen

What happens during ovulation?

The dominant follicle ruptures and releases a secondary oocyte

What is released during ovulation?

A secondary oocyte

What forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What does the corpus luteum produce?

Progesterone and some estrogen

Which structure secretes progesterone after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What is oogenesis?

Development of a mature ovum from oogonia

How many functional gametes result from oogenesis?

One

Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis functional gametes?

Spermatogenesis = 4 Oogenesis = 1

What four hormones are especially important in the menstrual cycle?

FSH LH estrogen and progesterone

What does FSH stand for?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

What is the main role of FSH?

Stimulates follicles to develop

What hormone do growing follicles produce?

Estrogen

What does rising estrogen do to the endometrium?

Causes it to thicken

What hormone surge triggers ovulation?

LH surge

What does LH stand for?

Luteinizing Hormone

What happens during the LH surge?

The mature follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte

What produces progesterone after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What is progesterone's main role after ovulation?

Maintain the thickened uterine lining

What happens to estrogen and progesterone during menstruation?

Both decrease

What causes the endometrial lining to shed?

A decrease in estrogen and progesterone

What is the proliferative phase sequence?

FSH rises → follicles develop → estrogen rises → endometrium thickens → LH surge → ovulation

When does ovulation occur relative to the next menstrual period?

Approximately 14 days before the next period

Does ovulation always occur on cycle day 14?

No

What happens during the secretory phase?

Corpus luteum forms progesterone rises and the endometrium becomes more supportive of implantation

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

It degenerates

What happens to estrogen and progesterone when the corpus luteum degenerates?

They decrease

What happens after estrogen and progesterone decrease?

The endometrium sheds and menstruation begins

What is the complete menstrual cycle hormone sequence?

FSH → follicle develops → estrogen rises → endometrium thickens → LH surge → ovulation → corpus luteum → progesterone rises → endometrium maintained → hormone levels fall → menstruation

What is PMS?

A collection of premenstrual symptoms such as bloating tender breasts and pain

What is PMDD?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder with severe symptoms that interfere with normal functioning

What medication type is mentioned for treatment of PMDD?

SSRIs

What is primary dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstruation caused by excess prostaglandins

What causes primary dysmenorrhea?

Excess prostaglandins

What is amenorrhea?

Absence of menstruation

What is primary amenorrhea?

Failure to begin menstruating at puberty

What is secondary amenorrhea?

When an established menstrual cycle stops

What are possible causes of secondary amenorrhea mentioned in lecture?

Athletic activity low estrogen and anorexia nervosa

Are breasts primary or secondary sex characteristics?

Secondary sex characteristics

What is a benign breast mass?

Noncancerous

What is malignant?

Cancerous and potentially capable of spreading

What test may be used to diagnose breast cancer?

Tissue biopsy

What is a lumpectomy?

Removal of a breast lump

What is a mastectomy?

Surgical removal of the breast