week 15 anatomy prosection videos part 2

What innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What provides sensory innervation to the posterior one-third of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (from CN X).

What innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (and all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid)?

Inferior laryngeal nerve, a continuation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from CN X).

What innervates the muscles of the tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What innervates the levator veli palatini muscle?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What innervates the tensor veli palatini muscle?

Mandibular nerve (V3), a branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V).

What innervates the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What innervates the palatoglossus muscle?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What innervates the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What provides sensory innervation to the nasal septum (mucosa)?I

Nasopalatine nerve

What provides smell sensation in the superior part of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory nerve (CN I).

What sympathetic structure was visible posterior to the pharynx?

Cervical sympathetic trunk with the superior cervical ganglion.

Most soft palate muscles are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus.

🚨 Exception:

• Tensor veli palatini → Mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V₃)

Rule:

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which becomes the inferior laryngeal nerve.

🚨 Exception:

• Cricothyroid → External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)

✅ Rule:

All intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Exception:

• Palatoglossus → Vagus nerve (CN X)

What arteries supply the hard and soft palate, respectively, via the greater and lesser palatine foramina?

• Greater palatine artery → hard palate

• Lesser palatine artery → soft palate

What artery runs with the nasopalatine nerve through the nasal septum and incisive canal?

Nasopalatine artery

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

Abducts (opens) the vocal folds

What is the effect of enlarged adenoids?

Block airflow from nasal cavity to nasopharynx

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

Into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

What is the only muscle that opens the vocal folds?

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

What nerve innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

Inferior laryngeal nerve

What happens if the posterior cricoarytenoid is paralyzed bilaterally?

Airway obstruction due to inability to abduct the vocal folds

What nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen?

CN IX, X, and XI (Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory)

What travels through the lesser palatine foramen?

Lesser palatine nerve and artery

What travels through the incisive canal?

Nasopalatine nerve and nasopalatine artery

What travels through the greater palatine foramen?

Greater palatine nerve and artery

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?

Into the sphenoethmoidal recess

What drains into the superior meatus?

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

What drains into the middle meatus (via semilunar hiatus)?

• Frontal sinus

• Anterior ethmoidal air cells

• Maxillary sinus

What drains into the ethmoidal bulla?

Middle ethmoidal air cellS

What drains into the inferior meatus?

Nasolacrimal duct