ap bio unit 2 - cell structure and function

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22 Terms

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Prokaryote

A type of cell without membrane-bound organelles, with free-floating genetic information and circular DNA.

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Eukaryote

A type of cell that contains membrane-bound organelles and has a more organized structure.

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Endosymbiotic theory

The theory explaining how organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from large prokaryotes engulfing smaller prokaryotes.

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Nucleus

The organelle that contains genetic information, including DNA and RNA, and has a core called the nucleolus.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

An organelle used to synthesize macromolecules; includes rough E.R. (with ribosomes) and smooth E.R. (without ribosomes).

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Golgi apparatus

An organelle that modifies and packages proteins, made from the E.R.

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Lysosome

An organelle used for digestion and breaking down materials inside the cell, containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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Vacuole

Membrane-bound sacs with various functions, prominently large in plant cells.

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Mitochondria

The organelle where ATP is produced in eukaryotes, featuring a double membrane and evidence for endosymbiotic theory.

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Chloroplast

The organelle where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and two membranes.

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Cell wall

A structure found outside the cell membrane in plant cells, providing support and structure, made of cellulose.

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Ribosomes

The site of protein translation, present in all cells, indicating a common ancestor.

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Cell membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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Passive transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without energy, from high to low concentration.

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Active transport

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP) and a protein.

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Tonicity

The measure of solute concentration in a solution, affecting water movement.

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Hypertonic

A solution where water moves into it, causing plant cells to plasmolyze and animal cells to shrivel.

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Hypotonic

A solution where water moves out, causing plant cells to become turgid and animal cells to potentially burst.

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Isotonic

A solution where water moves in and out at equal rates, resulting in no net change.

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Water potential (Ψ)

A measure of the potential energy of water in a system, calculated as Ψ = Ψs + Ψp.

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Solute potential (Ψs)

The measure of how much solute is dissolved in water, becoming more negative with increased solute concentration.

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Solute potential formula

Ψs = -iCRT, where i is the number of ions, C is molar concentration, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.