Biology: CQA 2nd quarter

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment, CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTIONS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH 7 to 14 is basic/alkaline (pure water = pH 7)

polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can be polymers)

carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods, polysaccharides are polymers made of sugars such as glucose, have an -ose suffix

lipids

Compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes. Function as long term energy storage & thermal insulation for the body (made of glycerol & fatty acids)

protein

organic compound made of amino acids and that is a building block of all cells (polymer made of amino acids)

enzymes

A type of special protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in a living things, can be denatured by extreme pH or temperatures

prokaryotic cell (bacteria cell)

cell that does NOT have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (includes Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria)

eukaryotic cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus enclosing DNA, membrane bound organelles ( Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista)

unique to PLANT cells

contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole for water storage, animals do not have these features

unique to ANIMAL cells

lysosomes and centrioles, plants do not

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP energy production by respiration, uses glucose for fuel

nucleus

control center of cell, contains DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction, found in all eukaryote cells

nucleolus

region inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes

chloroplast

organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs, contains chlorophyll

smooth ER

part of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes, makes and transports lipids

rough ER

part of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, makes and transports proteins

ribosome

makes proteins, found in ALL cells & cell types

golgi apparatus

system of membranes that modifies and packages substances for export by the cell

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

controls what enters and leaves the cell and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment, MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS

vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area, larger in plants

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

cilia and flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement

lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

cell theory

1. all living things are composed of cells, 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and 3. new cells are produced from existing cells

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate during a reaction.

substrate(s) & products of enzymes

substrate(s) are either put together or broken down by enzymes into a new product(s)

denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH, enzyme no longer functions

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants, provides support & protection

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane

centrioles

organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the formation of spindle fibers in cell division.

channel proteins & carrier proteins

two types of transport proteins in facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, happens naturally

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through proteins in cell membrane, NO ATP (energy) required

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes/salts (cells shrink in these solutions)

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes/salts (cells swell in these solutions)

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same on both sides of the cell membrane (in equilibrium)

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, ATP ENERGY IS REQUIRED, often uses a protein pump

passive transport

NO ATP energy required, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient (includes: osmosis, diffusion & facilitated diffusion)

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane (type of active transport)

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material (type of active transport)

protein pumps (active transport)

transport proteins that require ATP energy to do work

concentration gradient

Is the difference in the concentration of a substance from on location to another.

semipermeable membrane

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

ALL cells have ( both prokaryotes & eukaryotes)

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

solution

a homogeneous mixture containing one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent (often water)