Chapter 25: Respiratory System

Anatomically, the respiratory system can be divided into the _____ and _____.

Upper respiratory tract; lower respiratory tract

The upper respiratory tract consists of the _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____. All of these structures are part of the _____ portion of the respiratory system.

Nose; nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses pharynx; larynx; conducting

The lower respiratory tract consists of the _____, _____, and _____.

Trachea; bronchi; progressively smaller airways in the lungs

Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into the _____ and _____.

Conducting portion; respiratory portion

The conducting portion of the respiratory system is responsible for the _____. The _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ make up the conducting portion.

Transport of air; nose; nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx; trachea; main bronchi; terminal bronchioles

The respiratory portion of the respiratory system is responsible for _____. The _____, _____, and _____ make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.

Gas exchange with the blood; respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveoli

Breathing consists of two cyclic phases, _____ and _____, the first of which draws gases into the lungs and the second of which forces gases out of the lungs.

Inhalation; exhalation

There are two types of gas exchange. External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the _____ and the _____. Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the _____ and _____.

Atmosphere; blood; blood; body

The nose is the main _____ airway for inhaled and exhaled air. The nose is supported superiorly by paired _____ that form the bridge of the nose. Paired _____ open on the inferior surface of the nose.

Conducting; nasal bones; nostrils

Inside the nose is the nasal cavity. The _____ is found in the superior region of the nasal cavity and is responsible for detecting odors. The _____ refers to the anterior region of the nasal cavity, near the nostrils. _____ refer to coarse hairs near the vestibule that trap larger particles before they pass through the nasal cavity. The _____ separates the nasal cavity into left and right portions. _____ refer to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and are responsible for creating turbulence that _____. _____ refer to the posterior region of the nasal cavity that is continuous with the _____.

Olfactory epithelium; vestibule; vibrissae; nasal septum; nasal conchae; warms and humidifies air; internal nares; nasopharynx

Paranasal sinuses refer to paired spaces of _____ that decrease the weight of their associated skull bones. They help _____ and add resonance to your voice.

Air; warm and humidify air

The pharynx is a common passageway used by the _____ tract and _____ tract. The pharynx is lined with _____ and _____ that help with swallowing.

Respiratory; gastrointestinal; mucosa; skeletal muscles

The nasopharynx refers to the _____ part of the pharynx. The nasopharynx is responsible for conducting _____. _____ open into the nasopharynx to equalize air pressure in the middle ear. The _____ is found on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is made of _____.

Superior; air; auditory tubes; pharyngeal tonsil; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

The oropharynx refers to the _____ part of the pharynx. The oropharynx is responsible for conducting _____. _____ are found on the lateral walls of the oropharynx. _____ are found on the base of the tongue.The oropharynx is made of _____.

Middle; air, food, and drink; palatine tonsils; lingual tonsils; stratified squamous epithelial tissue

The laryngopharynx refers to the _____ part of the pharynx. The laryngopharynx is responsible for conducting _____. The _____ is found on the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx. The laryngopharynx is made of _____.

Inferior; air, food, and drink; larynx; stratified squamous epithelial tissue

When you swallow, the uvula moves _____ to close the opening to the _____. At the same time, the larynx moves _____, allowing the _____ close the opening to the _____.

Superiorly; nasopharynx; superiorly; epiglottis; trachea

The larynx serves as a passageway for _____, prevents ingested material from entering the _____ and _____, produces _____, helps increase _____ in the abdominal cavity, and participates in the _____. _____, and _____ reflexes.

Air; trachea; bronchi; sound; pressure; sneezing; coughing; Valsalva

_____ is found on the lateral and anterior walls of the larynx. The _____ is commonly known as the Adam’s apple. The _____ is found on the inferior wall of the larynx. The _____ closes during swallowing to direct ingested materials into the _____. The _____/_____ function to _____, causing them to _____. Together with the _____, they form the _____. The _____/_____ function to _____.

Thyroid cartilage; laryngeal prominence; cricoid cartilage; epiglottis; esophagus; vocal folds/true vocal cords; produce sound when air passes between them; vibrate; rima glottidis; glottis; vestibular folds/false vocal cords; protect the vocal folds/true vocal cords

The true vocal cords are responsible for _____, while the false vocal cords are responsible for _____.

Generating sounds; accentuating pitch

The lower respiratory tract is made of both _____ airways and _____ airways.

Conducting; respiratory

Conducting airways that are part of the lower respiratory tract are the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; terminal bronchioles

Respiratory airways that are part of the lower respiratory tract are the _____, _____, and _____.

Respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveoli

The _____, commonly known as the windpipe, is supported by _____ that ensures the _____. These are bound by _____, which help _____ when needed. The most inferior tracheal cartilage forms the _____ to separate the _____.

Trachea; tracheal cartilage; trachea stays open; trachealis muscle; expel air or material; carina; primary bronchi

The bronchial tree refers to a highly-branched system of progressively narrower air passageways that originate from the _____ and _____.

Right primary bronchi; left primary bronchi

After each main bronchi enters each _____, they branch into _____, which supply a _____ of the lung.

Lung; lobar bronchi; single lobe

The left lung has _____ lobes, meaning it has _____ lobar bronchi. The right lung has _____ lobes, meaning it has _____ lobar bronchi.

Two; two; three; three

The lobar bronchi further divide into _____, which each supply a _____ of the lung.

Segmental bronchi; bronchopulmonary segment

Bronchi eventually branch into _____ that have relatively thicker _____ and no more _____ to allow for _____ vs. _____.

Bronchioles; smooth muscle; cartilage; constriction; dilation

Bronchocontraction refers to the contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, resulting in a _____ lumen. This is controlled by the _____ nervous system.

Narrowed; parasympathetic

Bronchodilation refers to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, resulting in an _____ lumen. This is controlled by the _____ nervous system.

Expanded; sympathetic

Terminal bronchioles represent the final segment of the _____ pathway before it becomes the _____ pathway by branching into _____.

Conducting; respiratory; respiratory bronchioles

The smallest respiratory bronchioles branch into _____, which eventually form _____ that contain _____.

Alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli

Alveoli have _____ walls to promote the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the _____. There are over _____ alveoli in each lung.

Thin; pulmonary capillaries; 300 millions

Alveoli consist of two types of cells. Alveolar type I cells function to _____. Alveolar type II cells function to _____ that _____. In addition to these cells, _____ also engulf any foreign material that have reached the alveoli and leave the lungs via the _____ or _____.

Promote rapid diffusion of gases; secrete surfactant; prevent the alveoli from collapsing; macrophages; lymphatic system; coughing

The _____ refers to the thin wall between the lumen of the alveoli and the blood, at which _____ diffuses into the blood and _____ diffuses out of the blood.

Respiratory membrane; oxygen; carbon dioxide

Lungs house the _____ and the _____ portion of the respiratory system.

Bronchial tree; respiratory

Lungs are lined by _____, a type of serous membrane. The more superficial layer is the _____, while the deeper layer is the _____. The _____ represents the space between these layers.

Pleura; parietal pleura; visceral pleura; pleural cavity

The base of the lungs rests on the _____, while the apex projects towards the _____. The mediastinal surface of the lung houses the _____, through which the _____ pass. The _____ refers to an indentation in the left lung.

Diaphragm; clavicle; hilum; primary bronchi; cardiac notch

The _____ circulation transports blood to and from the lungs. _____ blood travels from the _____ to the _____, then the _____, then the _____, then the _____, then the _____, then the _____.

Pulmonary; deoxygenated; right ventricle; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries; pulmonary capillaries; pulmonary veins; left atrium

The _____ circulation is a component of the _____ circulation. This area consists of arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles.

Bronchial; systemic

Pulmonary ventilation/breathing refers to the _____. Quiet breathing refers to the _____ breathing that occurs during _____, while forced breathing refers to _____ breathing that occurs during _____.

Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system; rhythmic; rest; vigorous; exertion

The four processes of gas exchange are _____, _____/_____, _____, and _____/_____.

Pulmonary ventilation; pulmonary gas exchange/external respiration; gas transport; tissue gas exchange/internal respiration

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the _____ of respiratory gases between the _____ and the _____.

Movement; atmosphere; alveoli

Pulmonary gas exchange/external respiration refers to the _____ of respiratory gases between the _____ and the _____ via _____ capillaries.

Exchange; alveoli; blood; pulmonary

Gas transport refers to the _____ of respiratory gases within the _____ between the _____ and the _____.

Transport; blood; lungs; body

Tissue gas exchange/internal respiration refers to the _____ of respiratory gases between the _____ and the _____ via _____ capillaries.

Exchange; blood; body; systemic

At rest, inhalation _____ muscle contraction, moving the diaphragm _____ and causing volume to _____ and pressure to _____.

Requires; inferiorly; increase; decrease

At rest, exhalation _____ muscle contraction, moving the diaphragm _____ and causing volume to _____ and pressure to _____.

Does not require; superiorly; decrease; increase

Muscles of quiet breathing include the _____ and _____.

Diaphragm; external intercostals

Muscles of forced inhalation help _____ more so than quiet breathing. Examples include the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Elevate the ribs; sternocleidomastoid; scalenes; pectoralis minor; erector spinae

Muscles of forced exhalation help _____ more so than quiet breathing. Examples include the _____ and _____.

Depress the ribs; internal intercostals; abdominal muscles

_____ nerves innervate the diaphragm during _____ breathing, while _____ nerves innervate the intercostal muscles.

Phrenic; quiet; intercostal 

_____ is controlled by respiratory centers in the brain. The medullary respiratory center is the _____ respiratory center and is found in the _____. The pontine respiratory center is the _____ respiratory center and is found in the _____.

Ventilation; primary; medulla oblongata; secondary; pons

Respiratory rate is set by _____ in the _____ that detect _____ and _____.

Chemoreceptors; blood; CO₂; H+

A pneumothorax refers to when _____.

Free air gets into the pleural cavity

Atelectasis refers to the _____, causing part or all of the affected lung to _____.

Presence of free air in the pleural space; collapse

A hemothorax refers to the _____.

Collection of blood in the pleural space