UTS - LESSON 1 - 7 - Combined

The Self from Various Perspectives

Title of Lesson 1 & 2

Karl Theodor Jaspers

He was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy.

Socrates

Know Thyself; “An unexamined life is not worth living”.

Socrates

He wrote nothing himself, so all that is known about him is filtered through the writings of a few contemporaries and followers.

Socratic Method

this process, which is also known as an exchange of question and answer that ultimately aims to make the person remember all the knowledge that he has forgotten.

Plato

“The body is seen as some sort of a prison”.

Plato

He believed that human beings are composed of two things a body and a soul. It is the soul, which is the true self-the permanent, unchanging self.

Plato

“If we are ever to have a pure knowledge of anything, we must get rid of the body and contemplate things by themselves with the soul by itself”

Plato

was born into an aristocratic Athenian family which is involve in the rule of thirty tyrants. He founded the academy, now considered as the prototype of the modern university.

St. Augustine of Hippo

“But my sin was this, I looked for pleasure, beauty and truth not in Him but in myself and His other creatures, and the search led me instead to pain, confusion, and error.”

St. Augustine of Hippo

He believed that the sense of self is his personal relationship to God, both in the recognition of God's love and the person’s response to it—achieved through self-presentation, then self-realization.

St. Augustine of Hippo

“There is Eternal law which should be universally followed and that is the Law of Conscience that tells us whether our actions are morally good or bad.”

St. Augustine of Hippo

Our world is not our final home but just a temporary home where we are just passing through. Our real world is found in the world where there is permanence and infinity.

Rene Descartes

I think, therefore I am"; Tl: Cogito, ergo sum is a Latin philosophical proposition.

Rene Descartes

The Modern Frenchman philosopher and mathematician who proposed that the mind and body were two separate and distinct entities, and as such the body could only be sensed because there was a mind to sense it.

Rene Descartes

is known for his dualistic view of the mind and body, famously asserting that they are separate substances but interact closely. This concept is often referred to as Cartesian dualism.

Rene Descartes

He was was hired to tutor Queen Christina of Sweden but soon after, he died of Pneumonia because his breath couldn’t take the 5 am start of lesson required by the Queen.

Cogito, ergo sum

It is a Latin philosophical proposition usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am".

Cogito, ergo sum

This philosophy of the Self emphasizes the consciousness of the mind which leads to an evidence of his existence-despite the fact of that he is doubting the existence of everything physical, including his own body.

John Locke

“What worries you masters you”

John Locke

He believed we chose to give a stressful, anxious meaning to something going on in our world. And thus, we’ve been taken over by worry.

John Locke

He believed that when we find ourselves in such a state, the sooner we can remember that we give everything all the meaning it has for us – the quicker we can make a different.

John Locke

is known as the “FATHER OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM” because of his contribution to the formation of human rights. He subscribes to the memory theory that holds we are the same person as we are in the past for as long as we can remember something from the past.

Memory Theory

is a philosophical concept primarily associated with the notion of personal identity. It posits that a person's identity over time is largely defined by their memories and the continuity of those memories.

David Hume

Theory of Human Nature

David Hume

He supposed that all human actions follow naturally from human feelings without interference from human reason. He strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic work in epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various schools of Kantianism and idealism.

Immanuel Kant

reflect his idea of self which views on human agency, the capacity for reason, free will, and decision-making, which are central to his philosophy.

Kant’s Theory

It is an example of a deontological moral theory–according to these theories, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty.

The Categorical Imperative

Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as.

Epistemology

The theory of Knowledge.

Sigmund Freud

The Ego and the Self; He elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system, the structural investigation of which is the proper province of psychology.

Sigmund Freud

The father of psychoanalysis was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth century.

id

It is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.

Super-ego

It operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and this ego.

Ego

It develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, it works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.

Soul

considered as the part of the body that transcends the death of the body.

The Self as a Social Construct & The Self in the Western and Oriental Thought

Title of Lesson 3 & 4

Psalms 8:3-6

“When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him?

Culture

is made up of all ideas, beliefs, behaviours, and products common to, and defining a group’s way of life.

Culture

is the meeting point of anthropology and sociology in our self- understanding, digging deep into how we see ourselves, in light of the diverse cultural influences that we have been exposed to.

Sociology

defined as the scientific study of human life, social groups, and whole societies.

Anthropology

is the inclusive study of the human race, focusing on its culture, society, and physical development across time and space.

Norms

are what dictates our behaviour in the society.

Material Culture

a type of culture that consists of human technology; all the things that people make and use.

Non-Material Culture

a type of culture that includes ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics, and attitudes of a society.

Independent view of the Self

refers to the belief that individuals are distinct, autonomous entities with unique qualities, abilities, and preferences.

Interdependent view of the Self

refers to the belief that sees the individual as connected to others, with identity being shaped by social relationships, roles, and group membership.

George Herbert Mead

was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist; Mead’s development stages of the self.

George Herbert Mead

He believed that it is thus necessary for him to look and governed by rules to guide him in making sure that his actions will make him a better member of the society.

George Herbert Mead

He said this is where the importance of culture comes in, guiding the self to act on the basis of what the society dictates as good. The importance then culture, is not just that of an ornament of human existence, but essential condition for it.

Mead’s Self Theory

An interesting link between the behavior of man, and the emergence of the self as part of the society.

Mead’s Self Theory

This is where he expounded that an individual explains his actions through the lens of his society, since he belongs to a social structure, a social order.

Mead’s Self Theory

“The individual see himself as the focus of everything, until such time that the self emerges because of the influence of those who play a prominent role in their self-development”

Clifford Geertz

he elucidated that culture should not be seen as a complex behavioral pattern but as a set of control mechanisms- engineered programs in directing human behavior.

Edward B. Tylor

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society".

Confucius

he developed a system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion, built on an ancient religious foundation to establish the social values, institutions and transcendent ideals of traditional Chinese society.

Confucianism

are the very fabric of social relationships in China, reflecting collectivism to its core.

The Psychological Self: The Favourite Mystery

Title of Lesson 5

The Physical Self

Title of Lesson 6

Self-Schemas

are the perceptions and beliefs that make up our self-concept, helping to organize and shape how we view ourselves.

Ideal Self

person we want to be.

Real Self

who we actually are.

Congruence

when we feel good about ourselves.

Incongruence

when we disappointed or frustrated about ourselves.

Self-Esteem

it refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person one’s self worth.

Self-Efficacy

it refers to how one’s performed and a person’s belief about his or her ability and capacity to accomplish a task or to deal with the challenges of life.

Carl Rogers

"The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just I am, then I can change."

Self-Concept

is organized, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself.

Self-Awareness

being informed of what affects and make up our self-concept will enable to protect ourselves and process information and influences better.

Gregor Mendel

He first figured out how genes are passed from parents to offspring in plants, including humans. His experiments on pea plants showed that genes are passed intact from generation to generation and that traits are not blended.

Anorexia

is defined as a serious mental illness where people are of low weight due to limiting their energy intake.

Lakoof and Scherr

in their book Face Value: The Politics of Beauty, explain this perfectly saying that… “beauty was not just a product of wealth, but a commodity in and of itself.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

a severe form of body image disturbance characterized by an excessive concern or preoccupation with one’s appearance and weight.

Body Shaming

defined as criticizing yourself or others because of some aspect of physical appearance.

The Sexual Self

Title of Lesson 7

Sex

refers to the biological and physiological characteristics.

Sex

refers to MALE and FEMALE.

Gender

refers to the behavior, roles, expectations, and activities in society.

Gender

refers to MASCULINE or FEMININE.

Biological Sex

refers to the objectively measurable organs, hormones and chromosomes.

Sexual Orientation

is who you are physically, spiritually, and emotionally attracted to, based on their sex/gender in relation to your own.

Puberty

is the one to three-year process of hormonal and physical change that causes the young person to reach sexual maturity, girls usually entering it about a year [or two] earlier than boys.

Erogenous Zones

When this are touched, there are expected automatic sensation. However, this quality of the sensation depends on who and how the zones are being touched.

Sexual Violence

any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.

Sexual Transmitted Infections

Engaging in sexual contact, either vaginal, oral, anal, can give temporary intense, pleasure and, with it, a possibility transmitting “more than 30 bacteria, viruses and parasites”.

Family Planning Program

is intended to provide accessible information on sexual and reproductive health for people to choose from depending on their needs and preferences.

Contraception

is focused on the ways to prevent pregnancy in line with the program.

1987 Constitution

Respect for Life; states that the government protect the sanctity of life.

Birth Spacing

refers to the interval between pregnancies (which is ideally 3 years).

Informed Choice

that is upholding and ensuring the rights of couples to determine the number and spacing of their children according to their life’s aspirations and reminding couples that planning size of their families has a direct bearing on the quality of their children’s and their own lives.

Abstinence

not engaging in any form of sex, a natural method, is the most effective means of contraception since time to immemorial.