Nationalism 19th century

19th century nationalism: Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, Russian

nationalism

Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation

Franz Joseph I

emperor of Austria in 1848 & eventual monarch of Austria-Hungary

Alexander II

Czar who freed the serfs

Austro-Prussian War

Conflict that destroyed the German Confederation

Magyars

Hungarian ethnic group who fought for independence in Hungary

Victor Emmanuel

King of Sardinia prior to Italy's unification and then king of Italy once united

Mazzini / Young Italy

Attracted tens of thousands of Italians to the cause of unification

Franco-Prussian War

Conflict that resulted in the unification of Germany; France had to give up Alsace & Lorraine

autocracy

Government by one ruler with unlimited power

serfs

People considered part of the land on which they work

Frederick Wilhelm IV

Promised a constitution and other reforms for Prussia as king

Balkan Wars

Beginning in 1912 and resulted in the Ottoman Empire's loss of most of its land in Europe

realpolitik

Philosophy about government that was practical rather than idealistic

Bloody Sunday

massacre of Russian protesters that led to the Russian Revolution of 1905

Giuseppe Garibaldi

The "sword" of Italy & led unification in southern Italy

Vladimir Lenin

A Russian Marxist revolutionary who supported the overthrow of the czar

Zollverein

Created an economic alliance between some German states

Young Turks

Nationalist group in the Ottoman Empire

Russo-Japanese War

started in 1904 between Russia & Japan; defeat in this war added to unrest in Russia

Red Shirts

Guiseppe Garibaldi's volunteers who fought for him in Southern Italy

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of independent Kingdom of Sardinia & led unification in northern Italy

ethnic

relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition

Otto von Bismarck

conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890; believed it was Prussia's destiny to lead Germany to unity

Wilhelm I

Prussian king who chose Bismarck as prime minister

Crimean War

military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia; destroyed the Concert of Europe

Dual Monarchy

the joining of Austria and Hungary to create Austria-Hungary, two separate, equal states under one ruler, the Austrian emperor

Duma

a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions for approving all laws

Trans-Siberian Railroad

the longest railway in the world. It was built between 1891 and 1916 to connect Moscow with the Far-East city of Vladivostok

pogroms

widespread violent attacks by ethnic Russians against Jews

socialist republic

a form of government in which the state owns and distributes all goods to the people and there is no private property

nation

a group of people that share common beliefs, culture, language, or other characteristic living in same geographic location

state

a group of people living in defined borders, under a functioning government

nation-state

a group of people sharing common beliefs, cultures, language, or other characteristic living in a defined area with a functioning government

Nicholas II

became czar in 1894 & was the last czar of Russia