Introduction and Evolutionary Theory SV Lecture

Bloom's Taxonomy

A hierarchical framework that classifies educational objectives and learning outcomes. Created by Benjamin Bloom in 1950s

Active Learning

An approach to teaching and learning that emphasizes student engagement and participation in the learning process.

Activites : discussions, simulations, case studies, random call and hands-on experiments.

Benefits : Deeper learning and critical thinking, Proven to enhance retention and engagement , diverse learning preferences.

Formative Assessment

Used to evaluate student learning and provide feedback to students in real-time.

Includes quizzes, assignments, discussion, projects. Identifies struggles and guides adjustments.

Concept Mapping

A learning strategy that involves organizing and visually representing information and ideas in a hierarchical interconnected structure

Process: Start with a central concept

Uses: Aids in learning and studying complex information

Advantages: Proven to enhance learning and information retention

General Principles of Graph Reading

Identify the Type of Graph, Read the Axes, Interpret the Data, Look for Outliers, Consider the source

The spirit of Ubuntu

Is an ancient African philosophy that emphasizes the interconnectedness of humanity nd the importance of communal relationships. Significance to be fully present and attentive to present moment, whether it's in personal interactions, communal gatherings, or daily activities.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist found guilty of heresy for stating the Earth revolves around the Sun. Spent last nine years of life under house arrest.

National Science Foundation

Poll reveals that twenty - six percent of Americans are unaware the Earth revovles around the Sun.

Charles Darwin

conceived the theory of evolution by natural selection, which explain how species adapt and change Over time

Postulates: Characteristics are heritable, passed from parent to offspring

Offspring are produced than can survive, there is competition for recourses

Characteristics of offspring vary, and these variations are heritable

Alfred Wallace also wrote natural selection with him

Adaptation

Generations, differential Survival and reproduction leads to the gradual accumulation of advantageous traits in a population ultimately resulting in the formation of new species

Evolution

change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Natural Selection

Some individuals are more successful at survival and reproduction in a particular environment

More offspring are produced than can survive

Competition for limited resources

Individual with better traits survive and reproduce

Evolutionary Fitness

total number of viable offspring an organism is able to produce throughout its life. Addresses how well an organism does in the broad scheme of Survival reproduction

Relative Fitness

The comparative reproductive success of one individual compared to others in a population. Zeroes in on how an Organism's success stacks up against others around it, particularly in the context of specific traits or environment .

Variation

the differences that exist between individuals of the same species

within a given species

Heritable traits can be passed from parent to offspring

Genetic basis was not yet known during Darwin's time.

Neutral Variation

Having no effect on reproductive success

Detrimental variation

reducing an organism's chances of survival or reproductive succes

Beneficial variations

Lead to adaptation will tend to become more common Over time trough natural selection

Stabilizing selection

an average or intermediate phenotype is favored

Directional Selection

favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range/

Disruptive selection

selection favors individuals with a phenotype that is different than the norm

Diversifying selection

two or more extreme phenotypes are favored

Selective pressure

Any factor that alters the behavior, physiology, or morphology, of individuals in a population and that affects their survival and reproductive success