Week 9: Urinary & Reproductive Histology

___ serves to regulate blood pressure by cleaving angiotensin to angiotensin II

Renin

The kidneys secrete ___, which stimulates RBC production

Erythropoietin

Vessels within the kidneys travel through the ___

Renal columns

The ___ arteriole travels into the renal corpuscle and contains filtrate

Afferent

The ___ arteriole travels out of the renal corpuscle and does not contain filtrate

Efferent

Describe the progression of waste once it exits the renal corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, collecting duct

List the segments of the loop of Henle from proximal to distal

Proximal straight tubule, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

What are the two main contents of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular capsule and glomerular space

The glomerulus contains ___ intertwining capillaries with ___

50, filtration slits

___ line the outer surface of glomerular capillaries

Podocytes

___ are finger-like projections from podocytes

Pedicels

___ are phagocytic cells around glomerular capillaries

Mesangial cells

The ___ is a segment of the ___ convoluted tubule that senses ___ levels and changes in blood ___

Macula densa, distal, sodium, pressure

The macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular cells compose a region of the nephron known as the ___

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

___ cells are modified smooth muscle cells in the ___ arteriole that monitor osmolarity and blood volume

Juxtaglomerular, afferent

___ cells produce renin

Juxtaglomerular

___ cells support the JGA

Extraglomerular

The JGA functions to regulate what three things?

Systemic BP, glomerular blood flow, filtration rate

The ___ convoluted tubule functions to reabsorb water, ions, and organic nutrients

Proximal

The ___ convoluted tubule functions to secrete ions, acids, drugs, and toxins, with variable reabsorption

Distal

The distal convoluted tubule receives secretions from the ___

Blood

The proximal convoluted tubule, thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule are all what tissue type?

Simple cuboidal

The thin limbs of the loop of Henle are what tissue type?

Simple squamous

Describe the tissue transition in the principal cells of the collecting system

Cuboidal to columnar

A connecting tubule spans which two structures?

DCT and collecting duct

What tissue type is a collecting duct?

Simple cuboidal

When several medullary collecting ducts merge, a ___ is formed

Renal papilla

Minor and major calices, renal pelvis, ureters, and vesicular epithelium tissue type

Transitional

Tissue type of the section of the urethra near the bladder in both sexes

Transitional

Tissue type of the preprostatic urethra

Transitional

Tissue type of most of the female urethra

Stratified squamous

Tissue type of most of the prostatic male urethra

PS or stratified columnar

The male membranous and spongy urethra alternate between ___ and ___ epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar, stratified columnar

Tissue type of the navicular fossa and distal spongy urethra

Stratified squamous

List the muscular layers of the ureter from deep to superficial

Inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal

The outer longitudinal layer of the ureter appears where?

Lower 1/3

The detrusor consists of ___ layers

3

The tunica albuginea is ___ tissue and forms the ___ posteriorly

Dense connective, mediastinum testis

Testicular lobules are formed from septa arising from the ___

Tunica albuginea

___ cells within lobules produce testosterone

Leydig

___ cells in lobules physically and metabolically support spermatogenic cells

Sertoli

Lobules contain between ___ seminiferous tubules

1-4

The ___ moves sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

Rete testis

Describe the progression of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis

Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis

What tissue type are the straight tubules, rete testis, and efferent ductules?

Simple cuboidal

The seminiferous tubules and proximal straight tubules contain ___ cells

Sertoli

What tissue type lines the epididymis and ductus deferens?

PS columnar

The ductus deferens empties into the ejaculatory duct in the ___ urethra

Prostatic

The ductus deferens has ___ stereocilia

Sparse

The epididymis has ___ stereocilia

Long

Which tissue types line the ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles?

PS and simple columnar

The seminal glands are enclosed by a capsule made of ___ tissue

Connective

___% of ejaculate comes from the seminal glands

70

What are three major contents of fluid produced in the seminal glands?

Fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

The prostate contains between ___ and ___ glands

30-50

What are the three prostatic zones from superficial to deep?

Peripheral, central, transitional

The bulbourethral glands are dependent on what hormone?

Testosterone

The prepuce of the penis contains ___ glands

Sebaceous glands

Each ovary is covered with ___ epithelium and contains a capsule called ___

Simple cuboidal, tunica albuginea

What are the two major parts of an ovary?

Cortex and medulla

Which part of an ovary contains the follicles?

Cortex

The ovarian medulla is made of ___ connective tissue

Loose

Distally, the uterine tubes open into the ___

Peritoneal cavity

List the main parts of the uterine tubes from proximal to distal

Fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part

The folds of the uterine tubes are oriented ___ and, distally, the tubes are lined with ___ epithelium with ___

Longitudinally, simple columnar, cilia

Secretory cells of the uterine tubes (do/do not) have cilia

Do not

What cells within the uterine tubes are we unsure of the function of?

Intercalated cells

How many layers does the salpingeal muscularis have, and what are they?

2, inner circular and outer longitudinal

What are the superior and inferior portions of the uterus called, respectively?

Fundus, isthmus

During pregnancy, the cells of the uterus undergo ___ and ___ production increases

Hypertrophy, collagen

The lamina propria of the endometrium contains type ___ collagen

3

The endometrium is lined with ___ epithelium

Ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar

What hormones control the growth and differentiation of uterine epithelial cells (from ___)

Progesterone and estrogen (from ovaries)

Days of menstrual phase

1-5

Days of follicular (proliferative) phase

6-14

Duration of luteal (secretory) phase

Lasts 14 days after ovulation

Describe the tissue change at the cervical transition zone

Simple columnar to stratified squamous

Where does the cervical transformation zone occur?

Near external os

The endocervical mucosa contains many ___

Mucus-secreting glands

List the layers of the vagina from superficial to deep

Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

The epithelium of the vagina is stimulated by ___

Estrogens

The vaginal lamina propria contains many ___

Elastic fibers

The vaginal mucosa has many ___ and ___

Lymphocytes and neutrophils

What structures are abundant around the vulva to detect pressure and vibration?

Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles