Democracy in America, The End of Early America, Fires of Perfection, and Manifest Destiny and Slavery

John Marshall (1803)

The Supreme Court, led by this Chief Justice, established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison; He Ruled in favor of Marbury's claims.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court case that established judicial review (federalist policy); led by John Marshall; William Marbury, Midnight Appointee of Adams (Jefferson wanted to choose his own men); Jefferson told Madison not to appoint him, Marbury sued; the judicial branch of the federal government now possesses the power to determine whether the laws of Congress or the actions of the executive branch violate the Constitution.

Hamilton and Burr Duel (1804)

In 1800 Burr obtained and has published "the Public Conduct of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States," a document highly critical of Adams, a Federalist. Hamilton, its author, had intended it for private circulation; Burr leaked it to the press because Hamilton had helped his father in law get elected to the Senate Seat Burr had held for 6 years; publication embarrassing to Hamilton and widened rifts in the Federalist Party; Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson to win the election of 1800. Towards the end of his term as vice president, he ran for governor of New York, but Hamilton ran against him. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel; Burr shot Hamilton and killed him.

Role of Elite Women in Washington D.C.

Constitute major sources of information; wives of influential political figures in Washington D.C. rejected certain things (such as Peggy Eaton), which was quite impactful; had more control over their husbands than previously.

Margaret Bayard Smith

Chronicler of early life in Washington, D.C. Met Jefferson through her husband, Samuel Harrison Smith, a Republican newspaperman and founder of the National intelligencer; her recollections of Washington society life in the early nineteenth century constitute one of the major sources of information on Jefferson's social life as a President.

Merry Affair (1802)

The conflict in which she played the most conspicuous role took place when Thomas Jefferson manipulated diplomatic protocol to express his hostility toward Great Britain; sent Anthony Merry and his wife to Washington.

Dolley Madison

When Thomas Jefferson held a reception dinner for the British minister and his wife, he took this person into the dining room on his arm, rather than Elizabeth Merry. She decided to abandon a couple's personal belongings and instead saved a full-length portrait of former president George Washington.

Second Great Awakening

Charles Grandison Finney conducted a series of revivals in the booming cities along the Erie Canal; methods to encourage conversions developed during this event; protracted meetings; bold and blunt speech; praying for sinners by name; encouraging women to testify in public; emphasized the conversion experience. This took place around the 1770s.

Tecumseh

The Miami Confederacy Resists; Confederacy refuse to sell their Ohio homelands; Washington responds with force and is defeated by the Confederacy twice; third attempt for a military victory successful; broke the Indians' hold on the Northwest; Jefferson encouraged settlers in this area; this person was a Native American leader against American settlers; Native Americans who supported American settlers were called "witches"; helped the British in the war of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807

Prohibited American vessels in foreign ports and stopped exports; Jefferson thought France and England would miss American trade (they didn't); New England port cities suffered.

War of 1812

In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain; hoped that Napoleon would keep the British busy (he was defeated in 1814); the United States was not prepared to pay for a war, so military enlistment was slow and sparse; British burn White House in 1814; Francis Scott Key wrote the Star-Spangled Banner in 1814.

Andrew Jackson's Role in the War

Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 occurred after treaty was signed, but it made him a national hero; Jackson led a force of militiamen in the destruction of two Creek villages; Tallaseehatchee and Talladega.

Creek War

From 1813-18-14, creeks known as the Red Sticks--because of their red war clubs--attacked American settlers at Fort Mims, near Lake Tensaw, Alabama, north of Mobile; in response, Jackson led a force of militiamen to destroy two Creek villages.

James Monroe (1817-1825)

Won the presidential election in 1816; Missouri Compromise; In 1823, he wrote a doctrine warning European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs; was conceived to meet major concerns of the moment, but it soon became a watchword of U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

The balance of free to slave states was at risk during Monroe's presidency; this maintained balance; Maine was admitted as a free state; Missouri as a slave state; as proposed by Henry Clay.

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Transcontinental Treaty (1819) with Spain gave Florida to the United States; written by this president; Because Jackson viciously captured Florida; in the election of 1824, not one of the four candidates received a majority; House decided the race between Andrew Jackson and this person; he won, prompting alls of a "corrupt bargain."

Democracy in America

Classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793)

The invention of this dramatically altered southern agriculture; and revolutionized the cotton economy of the South by making the processing of short-staple cotton simple and economical.

Transportation Revolution

Between 1825 and 1855, the cost of transportation fell 95%, bringing new regions into the market; Erie Canal completed in 1825; Canal era dramatically lowered transportation costs; by 1850, economic depression ended the canal era in spite of its achievements; United States was very dependent on river transportation because of its size; steamboats revolutionized transportation in the West (1820-1860); by the 1850s, railroads came to dominate the transportation system.

Postal System

Remote areas were connected to the rest of the country; subsidized postage for newspapers to foster spread of commercial information; Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, "There is an astonishing circulation of letters and newspapers among these savage woods."

John Marshall and Enterprise

Constitutionality of the national bank; Gibbons v. Ogden; interstate commerce encouraged; protection of contracts between individuals or companies; importance of corporations; raising capital, limited liability, incorporation of partnerships and ventures; general incorporation laws enacted.

Lowell Mills

Textile factories (Francis Cabot Lowell); Lowell: the first fully integrated textile factory; hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with 30 minutes for noon meal; transformation of Lowell from native-born workers to Irish immigrants; causing declining wages.

Sam Patch

Considered America's first daredevil; ex factory worker who made a career leaping from buildings, bridges, and ships (including over Niagara Falls); died after a 92 foot fall in 1892 (dislocated both shoulders).

Clocks

Around the Revolutionary War, Connecticut was the epicenter of clock-making in the United States; towns around Plymouth still bear names of successful townsmen who were in the business; Terryville is one of these who took its name from the father of mass-production clock making--Eli Terry; around 1800, clockmakers begun with one or two dozen at a time, using no machinery, a very slow and tedious process; Terry's factory was the first to use standardized parts in clock-making and the first to use machinery; his plant delivered four thousand clocks and he bought another one; pursued low-cost and high-class clocks which still stand today.

Panic of 1819

National depression; war of 1812 was expensive; debts became hard to pay, for both city dwellers and rural Americans; unemployment was 75% in Philadelphia.

Democratic Republicans v. Jacksonian Democrats

Democratic republicans will become the Whigs, and included John Quincy Adams--they favored a strong central government, modernization, banks, industrial development, federal spending for roads, and the National Bank; Jacksonian Democrats will become the Democrats and included Andrew Jackson--wanted to strengthen the power of the executive branch (President), have stronger state rights, expand male suffrage, manifest destiny, revise the spoils system; and opposed the National Bank.

Election of 1824

None of the four candidates received a majority; house decided between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams; Adams won, prompting calls of a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay.

Corrupt Bargain

Adams won the presidency of 1824, prompting calls for a this with Henry Clay; Clay negotiated with Adams and told him he would make him president if Adams would name him Secretary of State; Jacksonians cite it as an example of aristocratic elitism and corruption.

Henry Clay (1820, 1850)

Missouri Compromise was suggested by this man; calls for a "corrupt bargain" with John Quincy Adams were called for during the presidency of 1824; said that he negotiated with Adams and told him he would make him president; Also proposed the Missouri Compromise and "Clay's Compromise."

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he led the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the South economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis; Calhoun was the leader of Georgia who was forced into the Compromise of 1833.

Andrew Jackson and His Duels

Andrew Jackson fought over 100 duels; 1788 Jackson and Avery (civil suit)-Jackson but bacon on his saddlebags because he referred to Bacon's legal theory in trial; 1803-Seiver said "I know of no great service you rendered to the country, except taking a trip to Natchez with another man's wife"; horse ran off with Seiver's firearms, and Jackson began chasing/shooting at Seiver; seconds stopped Jackson; Charles Dickenson called him a "coward and an equivocator"; Jackson challenged Dickenson to and was shot; Jackson shot and killed Dickenson; Jackson was involved in a duel with Jesse Benton and several of Benton's allies; Jackson refused to have his arm amputated after soaking two mattresses with blood.

Rachel Jackson

When Charles Dickenson accused her of being a bigamist, Andrew Jackson killed him in a duel; Adams and Clay also spread this rumor; she was mortified by this; her divorce was never finalized; had a heart attack the day of Andrew Jackson's inauguration and died.

Jackson's Inauguration (1829)

Jackson effectively conveyed the common person's attitudes and values; elected as president; promised to reform the spoils system (political offices would rotate to qualified applications to prevent corruption).

Four Main Events of Jackson's Presidency (1829-1837)

The Peggy Eaton Affair--Peggy Eaton's scandalous past created conflict with Washington socialites who refused to attend White House functions; Married John Eaten 9 months after her husband committed suicide; Jackson defended her; Jackson's niece left him alone; Van Buren sided with Jackson because he was a widower and could stay out of it; Nullification Crisis (1832)--states hit hard by the depression of 1819; tariff was the central issue; tariff of abominations, passed by Congress in 1829, provoked a severe response; Jackson threatened military action against South Carolina (led by Calhoun) for its legislature's nullification of the tariff; Bank War--bank exacerbated economic problems in 1819, Nicholas Biddle made president of the bank, used the bank to regulate the amount of credit available, and provided the nation with a sound currency; Jackson destroyed the bank; Trail of Tears (1830-1837)--Jackson pressured Congress for Indian removal; 1823 decision handed down stating Indians could occupy land, but not hold title to those lands because it was subordinate to the United States "rights of discovery"; Cherokee wrote a constitution to become sovereign, but Georgia did not recognize it; Indian Removal act gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties; U.S. government sent in 7,0000 troops, forcing Cherokees into stockades; 4,000 Cherokee died of cold, hunger, and disease; Jackson Administration removed 46,000 Native American people from land east of the Mississippi, and most members had opened 25 million acres of land to white settlement and slavery.

Jim Crow Minstrel Shows

Racist attitudes reflected in popular culture, specially these shows; white actors in black face entertain in US and England; deepening racism during the Jacksonian era; Zip Coon was a character who represented "free blacks."

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

This person was Jackson's Democratic successor and became associated with the Panic of 1837; in 1840, Congress created the Independent Treasury to hold the government's funds.

William Henry Harrison (1840)

The Whigs Triumph; The election of 1840 was the first modern presidential campaign--important use of imagery; women took a new, more public, political role; record voter turnout (nearly 80%); this politician defeated Van Buren; died of Typhoid/Pneumonia 31 days in office.

Edwin Forrest

One of the most popular American actor of the 19th century; Physical approach; Popular with the Bowery Boys & Working class

Influenced others to harass William;

Opposed William Charles Macready; Bowery Theater is where this person made his debut; neighborhood street was tough; his supporters were first to be arrested during the Astor Place Riot.

William Macready (1849)

British actor who attracted polished and intellectual classes; A famous actor in plays; on Monday, May 7, he was pelted with a cascade of rotten eggs, pennies, and shouting by those like the Bowery Boys; permitted to return on May 10.

Astor Place Riot (1849)

Riot at a theatre in New York, first time the National Guard had been called out to fire at an unarmed civilian crowd, revolved around whether Charles Macready or Edwin Forrest was better at playing various Shakespearean roles; at curtain, 200 officers were inside and 75 outside the Astor Place, and a crowd swelled to 10,000 outside; house was oversold; Forrest supporters arrested during the first act; crowd cheered loudly at this; prisoners set their cell on fire; police and New York militia couldn't push the crowd away; 18 died, many more were injured, and over 100 were arrested.

Fashion Changes

The desire for corsets, restraint, "up and tight," etc.; ladies often wear dresses which continually became "fuller" up to the Civil War.

Manners

New acceptable behaviors; gentlemen take seat facing back in a carriage, does not sit next to a lady unless he is married or related to her, steps down first to help her out, and takes care to not step on her dress; ladies gracefully raise their dresses a little over pavement, holding on both sides is vulgar, ladies should not say "my husband," except among intimates (Mr., and never the initial); meeting the other sex starts with the lady and continues with various rules.

Dangers of Corsets

Ribs bent and lungs contracted; maternity corsets were used for pregnant women/mothers but these could still be dangerous.

Medicine Prior to 1860

To be a regular physician, you often only had to take 10 classes; gynecological exams were done without looking, gruesome surgery tools were used and often could be fatal or harmful.

Double Guillotine

Removed tonsils; like a squeezing tool.

Lithotome

Instrument for performing lithotomy; long, claw-like instrument was inserted up the urethra and into the bladder; surgeon pulled out small bladder stones; patient was awake; bladder could be sliced and the patient could die.

Dental Key

Infected teeth would have to be pulled out using this; claw would be tightened around the tool and rotated like turning a key in a lock; extremely painful and patients had to be restrained.

Osteotome

Bones were often splintered and tissue around them damaged by a hammer and chisel or the jolts of a saw; surgeons needed to find a way to speed up the procedure and reduce the risk of complications; solution was the this; a device with a chain and sharp cutting teeth that was cranked manually; the first chainsaw.

Hypnotism and Mesmerism

Phineas Parkhurst Quimby suffered from consumption; felt better when riding horses; decided his mind could overcome sickness; his student Mary Baker Eddy is the founder of Christian Scientists.

Christian Scientists

Believe the bible, science, and health are of equal authority;

sickness can be healed through prayer rather than medicine;

founded by Mary Baker Eddy.

Mormons

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints founded by Joseph Smith; claimed an Angel led him to a buried book and golden plates; movement to restore the ancient church; City of Zion: Nauvoo, Illinois (advocated polygamy); angered locals; Smith was killed by a mob; this group left Nauvoo with Brigham Young and arrived in Utah.

Temperance

Post-Revolution alcohol consumption soared; drinking attacked: American Temperance Society; broad appeal of the temperance movement resulted in success.

Sylvester Graham

American clergyman whose advocacy of health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in graham cracker.

Kellogg

Inventor of the corn flake, he espoused the importance of healthy diets. Dr. Kellogg established the Battle Creek Mental Institution to put his ideas about diet and health into practice.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada; supported by Unitarians.

Eastern State Penitentiary (1829)

Opened as part of a controversial movement to change the behavior of inmates through confinement in solitude; became one of the most expensive and most copied buildings in the young United States.

Unitarians

Believe there is one God not the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Ghost), supported asylum reformer Dorothea Dix and her cause of caring for the mentally ill.

Utopian Societies

New Harmony and Robert: Welsh, contained "vagrants," failed, members studies philosophy science without capitalist ideals, some of the brightest and most promising scientists, thrived for four years before collapsing, and established a western center of scientific discovery; Brook Farm: organized by George Ripley, industry without drudgery, true equality without vulgarity, amassed a debt of $17,445; Fruitlands: self-sufficient community by Charles Lane and Bronson Alcott, who had no experience in self-sufficiency, forbidden to eat meat, consume stimulants, use animal labor, create artificial light, have hot baths, or drink anything but water, Bronson's family included Louisa May Alcott (wrote "Little Women"), harsh winter; members fled, Louisa wrote a negative report of the Fruitlands, and lasted less than seven months; Oneidans: complex marriage (every man was married to every woman), no exclusivity, Male Continence meant that two could not have a child (excluding Noyes), forty children were born of the 250 person community, system for introducing virgins, members could be subjected to criticisms of the whole committee, Charles Guiteau visited the Oneidans for five years and was criticized, Charles Guiteau shot President Garfield.

Comstock Laws

Anthony Comstock believed the federal government should enforce moral values; passed these laws which made illegal delivery of transportation of "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" material as well as any methods of, or information pertaining to birth control or venereal disease.

Thomas Dartmouth Rice

Called Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice; popularized "Jim Crow" shows; racist attitudes in culture.

William Lloyd Garrison

Believed in immediate abolition; United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879).

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star;

Said that blackface performers were the scum of white society.

Robert Finley

Believed that blacks would never fully be integrated into American society and that they would only be able to fulfill their potential as human beings in Africa, the "land of their fathers." Saw colonizations as charitable work, one that would benefit American blacks and Africans alike through the spreading of Christianity to Africa; thought that it would prompt a gradual end to slavery; supported by Francis Scott Key, who wrote the Star Spangled Banner, Henry Clay, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

American Colonization Society

The Pennsylvania Assembly endorsed this group and agreed that black removal would be "highly auspicious to the best interests of our country." By 1867, the ACS had assisted in the movement of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. By the 1840s, Liberia had become a financial burden on the ACS. Liberia faced political threats, chiefly from Britain, because it was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. Because the United States refused the claim sovereignty over Liberia, in 1846 the ACS ordered the Liberians to proclaim their independence.

Manifest Destiny

Americans were divinely destined to expand across and dominate the entire North American continent; divine mission to populate the continent; John O'Sullivan; their social and economic system should spread globally.

Moses Austin

After several failed businesses, he pledged his loyalty to the Spanish Crown in Missouri territory; in 1803 he ran the U.S. Bank, but lost everything in the Panic of 1819; in 1820, he appeals to Spanish Texas to try and seek his fortune/build a colony; first is rejected, but he is finally awarded a land grant to settle 300 families; dies of pneumonia.

Stephen F. Austin

He brought the settlers to Texas, organized the Texas Rangers, and is known as the father of Texas; organized troops for the Texas Revolution and, like his father, also died of pneumonia.

Pamelia Mann

Hotel proprietor (madam) who accumulate substantial property, wealth, and social standing despite a good deal of notoriety; married successively to a man named Hunt, to Samuel W. Allen, to Marshall Mann, and to Tandy Brown; at Groce's Plantation (Runaway Scrape) her yoke of oxen was impressed for use by the Texas army on the agreement that they be used for retreat to Nacogdoches; Texas troops changed their destination to Harrisburg; She, who was no Texas patriot, supposedly caught up with the army and forcibly reclaimed her animals; After San Jacinto, where she made free use of captured Mexicans as a labor source; Houston, Mansion House Hotel on the northeast corner of Congress and Milam streets; between 1836 and 1840, she became involved in numerous legal cases both as plaintiff and as defendant; indicted for a variety of crimes, ranging from larceny and assault to fornication; 1839 convicted of forgery, a conviction carrying mandatory death, but was awarded executive clemency by President Lamar; accepted by the community; attended a wedding at the Mansion House where Sam Houston was the best man; died on November 4, 1840, of yellow fever; tripled her net worth since arriving in Houston; she left an estate of more than $40,000.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas; Sent a letter to Andrew Jackson; knew Eliza since she was 13 (married her at 19, he was 41); Eliza despised him; did not divorce Eliza until 1837; married Tiana Rogers Gentry in Cherokee Indian Territory, but left her to go to Texas; remarried Margaret Lea; had 8 children; Eliza remarried, had 3 children, and died in 1861.

Texas Revolution (1836)

the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico;

American immigration to Texas for cheap land; cultural and political conflict between Mexicans and American immigrants; included the Battle of the Alamo, Battle of San Jacinto, and ended with the Treaty of Velasco; resulted in the Texas Republic.

Battle of the Alamo (1836)

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by mexican forces during the texas revolution;

Texans are defeated in March 1836, lost 257 Texans, but killed 600 Mexicans; non-combatants were spared.

Runaway Scrape (1836)

In January 1836, Houston's retreat marked the beginning of this; Washington-on-the-Brazos and Richmond were evacuated, the fight was marked by lack of preparation and panic caused by fear of the Mexican Army and Native Americans; discomforts of travel, all kinds of diseases, cold, rain, and hunger; continued until victory at San Jacinto; gradually refugees began to reverse their steps toward home, many toward homes that not longer existed.

Santa Anna

Served as a leader of Mexico 11 times from 1821-1855; called himself the Napoleon of the West; 1838 led a makeshift army against French forces who had invaded Veracruz, Mexico, in what has been called the "Pastry War"; was wounded and his leg amputated, which he buried at his Veracruz hacienda; assumed the presidency in 1842, Santa Anna exhumed his shriveled leg, paraded it to Mexico City in an ornate coach and buried in beneath a cemetery monument; 1844, public opinion turned on the president, and rioters tore down his statues and dug up his leg; mob tied the appendage to a rope and dragged it through the streets.

Battle of San Jacinto (1836)

(April 1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas.

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery; "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" was a slogan during presidency; Initiated "Manifest Destiny" in his presidential campaign;

Tenth president in 1840; married to Julia Tyler; breaks with Whigs and chooses Texas as an issue to gain popular support; hoped to gain San Diego, San Francisco, and Puget Sound; Oregon Territory divided along the 49th parallel.

Julia Tyler

Married to John Tyler, first photographed first lady; much different from Sarah Polk in that she hosted dances and parties.

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

11th president in 1844; married to Sarah Polk; very serious and sober; Oregon Treaty of 1846 was signed between the U.S. and Great Britain; provoked the war between U.S. and Mexico; offered $25 million for California and justified the war by their rejection; 4 years, 4 goals, met all of them; reestablish treasure; reduce tariffs; acquire some or all of Oregon; and acquire California and New Mexico from Mexico.

Sarah Polk

Very serious and sober in comparison to Julia Tyler; married to James Polk.

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

Stationed at the border waiting for the signal to invade with 3,500 U.S. troops; became the United States' 12th president in 1849; Old, Rought, and Ready;

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slaveholder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

United States to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico; Gave the United States the Rio Grande boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado; Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of returning to Mexico or becoming U.S. citizens with full rights; Conquest of Mexico brought slavery issue to the center of national politics.

David Wilmot and Wilmot Proviso

Proviso written by this person would have banned slavery in all New Territory; failed twice in the Senate (more southerners in senate); never passes.

Free Soil Party

Escape from Crisis (Free Soil Approach); Antislavery Coalition; Opposed expansion into the western territories; free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery; worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans; absorbed by Republican Party in 1854.

Clay's Compromise (1850)

Would admit California as a free state; would organize the Utah territory and the new Mexico territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty; Texas would drop its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel; in return, the U.S. government agreed t5o pay off Texas; debt; slave trade abolished in Washington D.C. (slavery still legal); strengthened Fugitive Slave Act; marshalls must arrest fugitive slaves and return them or they would be fined $1,000; suspected slave could not ask for a jury trials or testify on his or her own behalf; any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine.

Slave Rebellions in the 19th Century

Gabriel Prosser Rebellion in Virginia 1800 killed 25 followers and restrictions on free black education; Denmark Vesey Revolt 1822 planned to seize Charleston's arsenals and guard houses, kill the governor, set fire to the city, and kill every white man they saw; Nat Turner Rebellion caused gradual emancipation ideas.

Gabriel Prosser Rebellion

Gabriel Prosser in 1800 planned a slave revolt in the summer; details were leaked by other slaves and 25 followers were hanged; Virginia passed a series of restrictions on free blacks prohibiting education, assembly, and hiring out slaves.

Nat Turner Rebellion

In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt; because of the this rebellion.

Thomas J. Randolph and Gradual Emancipation

He argued that slaves would still be in the state until they reached adulthood, and even afterwards, they could be sold to other southern states for a profit; Randolph argued that since the plan would take a full 80 years, its effect would not be sudden; even if negative consequences emerged, then a "repeal of the law" would bring things back.

James Henry Hammond

Religious justification was that there was no "biblical" condemnation of slavery; social and racial justification; this person was a famous pro slavery writer; "Cotton is king" and declared "you dare not make war on cotton."