KINE2495 Midterm 1-6

what does CATA stand for

canadian athletic therapists association

when was CATA established

1960

liability definiton

state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes to another person

scope of practice definition

duties and responsibilities that you are allowed to perform

minimum standard of care definition

minimum reasonable care that is owed to an athlete

torts definiton

legal wrongs committed against a person

negligence definition

failure to use ordinary or reasonable care and failure to perform legal duties

causes of torts

gross negligence or vicarious negligence

types of torts

nonfeasance

malfeasance

misfeasance

nonfeasance definition

failure to perform legal duties

malfeasance definition

performs actions that he/she doesn’t have the legal right to do

misfeasance definition

performs an action incorrectly that he/she has the legal right to do

criteria to prove negligence

-duty of care was owed

-breach of standard of care was committed

-an injury resulted

-injury was a direct result of the breach

criteria to defend negligence

-proper standard of care was taken

-injury was unavoidable or an act of god

-injured party was involved in negligence

-athlete was aware of the assumption of risk

roles of macronutrients

production of energy

growth, repair, and maintenance of tissue

roles of micronutrients

regulation of body processes

type of ATP production in short burst exercise

anaerobic

type of ATP production in long duration exercise

aerobic

types of complex carbohydrates

starches and fibres

starches

broken down into simple sugars and stored as glycogen

fibres

structural parts of plants that aren’t digestible

purpose of protein

growth, maintenance, and repair of the body

physical activity

enzyme and hormone production

what are amino acids

basic unit of protein

purpose of fats

most concentrated source of energy

needed for normal growth and development

what are the different types of fatty acids

saturated, trans, unsaturated, omega 3

saturated fatty acids

derived from animal products

solid at room temp

increased risk of heart disease

trans fatty acids

resembles saturated fat

ex. junk and fast foods

unsaturated fatty acids

from plants

liquid at room temp

decreases heart disease, stroke, and hypertension

omega 3 fatty acids

unsaturated fat

cold water fish

purpose of vitamins

serve as regulators in many body processes

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

found in fatty portion of food and oils

water soluble vitamins

vitamin C and B complex

helps regulate metabolism but cannot be stored

antioxidant vitamins

vitamin A, E, C

prevents aging, cancers, and heart disease

which deficiency: pernicious anemia

vitamin B12

which deficiency: folate anemia

vitamin B

which deficiency: iron anemia

iron

which deficiency: scurvy

vitamin C

which deficiency: beriberi

vitamin B

which deficiency: rickets

vitamin D

which deficiency: issues with epithelial structure

vitamin A

which deficiency: issues with collagen and clotting

vitamin K

where are mineral stored

liver and bones

iron purpose

energy metabolism and oxygen transport

magnesium purpose

energy supply

calcium purpose

bone formation, clotting, and muscle contractions

sodium and potassium purpose

nerve conduction

importance of warm ups before exercise

-prevents musculoskeletal injury and soreness

-increases metabolism, core temp, and muscle elasticity

-stimulates cardiovascular system

importance of cooldowns after exercise

-decreases muscle soreness

-brings body back to resting state

what is pain

sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage

types of pain

acute and chronic

categories of pain

somatic, visceral, and psychological

what is somatic pain

pain in skin, muscles, bones, joints, or connective tissue

what is visceral pain

pain in internal organs

what is psychological pain

mental or emotional pain

what are nocioceptors

nerve endings that detect harmful stimuli

types of nocioceptors

mechanosensitive

thermosensitive

chemosensitive

purpose of mechanosensitive nocioceptor

detects mechanical/physical pressure

purpose of thermosensitive nocioceptors

detects extreme temperatures

purpose of chemosensitive nocioceptors

detects chemical irritants in and out of the body

pain characteristic: morning pain, stiffness, better with activity

chronic inflammation

pain characteristic: pain increasings throughout the day

increased congestion in a joint

pain characteristic: sharp, stabbing pain during activity

acute ligament sprain or muscular strain

pain characteristic: dull aching pain aggravated by muscle contraction

chronic muscle strain

pain characteristic: night pain

compression of a nerve or bursa

pain characteristic: deep, nagging, very localized

bone pain

pain characteristic: sharp, burning, numbness

nerve pain

pain characteristic:general aching and referred to another area

vascular pain

intrinsic sports injuries factors

age

sex

neuromuscular, structural, or performance factors

mental/psychological

postural deviations

extrinsic sports injuries factors

potential hazards and risks of a sport

position played

amount of time training and playing

competitive level

equipment used

condition of playing surface

weather

mechanical injury definition

when an external force impairs anatomical tissue structure or function causing an injury and inflammation occurs in response

tissue properties

load, stiffness, stress, strain

what is load

external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissue

what is stiffness

ability of a tissue to resist load

greater stiffness = greater magnitude of resistance

what is stress

internal resistance to a load

what is strain

internal change in tissue resulting in deformation

tissue force: compression

force that squeezes the tissue

tissue force: tension

force that pulls and stretches the tissue

tissue force: shearing

force that moves across the parallel organization of the tissue

tissue force: bending

forces that cause the tissues to bend with tension and compression

tissue force: torsion

loads causing twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends

what is creep

when the amount of a stress on the tissue reaches the yield point and permanent physical changes occur

what is the yield point

when elasticity of the tissue has been exhausted/exceeded

tissue elasticity in order from greatest to least

skin > ligaments > tendons > bones

traumatic cause of injury

injury produced by internal or external single force

macrotrauma

acute

overuse cause of injury

physical activity that causes injury overtime

microtrauma

chronic

purpose of collagen

makes tissue strong and resists tensile forces

when does tearing of collagen occur

beyond 8% of stretch and it becomes weaker overtime due to degradation

purpose of elastin

adds elasticity to tissues

what is a muscle strain

stretch, rip, or tear to a muscle

muscle strain grade 1

some muscle fibre tearing

painful but still full range of movement

muscle strain grade 2

many torn muscle fibres

painful and a divot is often palpable with some swelling

muscle strain grade 3

complete rupture of fibres

what are muscle spasms

a reflex reaction caused by trauma

types of muscle spasms

clonic and tonic

clonic muscle spasms

alternating involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations in quick succession

tonic muscle spasms

rigid contraction that lasts a period of time

acute onset muscle soreness

transient muscle pain and fatigue immediately after exercise

delayed onset muscle soreness

pain that occurs 24-48 hours after activity due to slight microtrauma to muscle or connective tissue

how can soreness be prevented

gradually building up the intensity of exercise

tendinitis

tendon inflammation from repeated microtrauma