Physical Computing

What do all computer systems have in common?

A CPUT (central processing unit), a RAM (random access memory), a hard disk storage and some input / output devices

What is the function of a CPU?

The CPU executes programs (e.g. the program displaying this page)

What is the function of RAM?

RAM holds data and instructions that the CPU is currently using.

What is the function of hard disk storage?

It stores data and instructions long term, when they are not being used.

What is the function of input / output devices? Name two types of devices that allow interaction with a computer system.

Allow a user to interact with the computer system (input devices -> keyboard, mouse ; output devices -> monitor, printer)

What is a microprocessor?

The 'brain' of a general purpose computer that can run various programs (e.g. browsing, loading apps, using peripherals like headphones / mice).

What are some devices that typically contain microprocessors?

General Purpose computers in -> Desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, and smartwatches.

Why does a microprocessor use an operating system?

In order to control and manage multiple processes at the same time.

What is a microcontroller?

A tiny, single-purpose computer dedicated to one task well.

Characteristics of a microcontroller

Embedded in another device, dedicated to one task (run one specific program), low-power devices, dedicated input / output device, small and low cost (components chosen to minimize size and be cheap).

What does it mean for a microcontroller to be 'embedded'?

It is integrated into another device to control its features or actions (often a consumer product). Also known as an 'embedded controller'.

What type of memory do microcontrollers use to store their programs?

ROM (read-only memory) which generally does not change.

How do microcontrollers typically differ in power consumption compared to microprocessors?

Microcontrollers are often low-power devices, consuming significantly less energy.

How is the CPU of a microcontroller organised?

All systems are embedded within them (including EEPROM, Timer, CPU, RAM, I/O, ROM and Serial Interface)

What is EEPROM?

Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory that can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times.

What is the purpose of a timer in a microcontroller?

It acts as a counter that increments on each pulse of the clock, allowing the CPU to manage other tasks. (e.g. Arduinos use timers as reference for the functions delay and millis)

What does I/O stand for in the context of microcontrollers?

Input and output control signals handled within the microcontroller chip.

What are GPIO pins?

General Purpose Input Output pins used for handling signals in microcontrollers (set to digital or analogue).

How do microcontrollers interact with sensors?

They detect analogue data, which is then converted to digital for processing.

Analogue signals

Continuous signals that represent varying quantities.

Digital signals.

Discrete signals that represent distinct values.

What is the difference between analogue and digital clocks?

Analogue clocks display infinite values, while digital clocks show discrete values.

Where are microcontrollers typically used?

Embedded systems, IoT devices, robotics and automation