OCR B Geography GCSE Dynamic Development

Development

the state of growth or advancement whereby people and places improve over time

Quality of life

A measure of how good peoples lives are taking into account: health, comfort, well-being and happiness

Infant mortality

The number of children who die before the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year

Birth rate

number of live births per 1000 people per year

Death rate

number of deaths occuring per 1000 people per year

Access to education

% of people attending primary, secondary and higher eductation

life expectancy

the average lifespan of someone born in a country

Doctors per 1000

the number of doctors shared per 1000 people

Literacy rate

% of population over 15 who can read and write

Gross domestic product

the yearly value of goods and services produced within the country

standard of living

the level of wealth and material goods available to a person or community in $

GDP per capita

an average of the national GDP per person, in $

Absolute poverty

How many people cannot afford their basic human needs, such as food, safe water and shelter

Gross national income

The value of products, taxes and income from abroad

GNI per capita

An average of the national GNI per person in $

Relative poverty

Whether people lack and adequate income compared to the society around them

Employment type

The proportion of population working in primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary jobs

Human development index

HDI - A composite measure of development including life expectancy, education and income per capita to give countries a score between 0 and 1 (1 being more developed)

spiral of decline

a situation in which debt causes dependency which traps countries and prevents them working their way out of poverty

export

to send a good or service to another country for sale.

import

to bring a product into a country to be sold

balance of trade

the balance between imports and exports. A positive balance is when a country exports more than it imports

political unrest

when political instability e.g. civil war undermines efforts to develop

top-down

A large-scale, expensive initiative (usually government led requiring loans from organisations such as the World Bank) to improve development, such as the building of a dam.

bottom-up

an improvement scheme led by the local community on a small scale, such as digging new wells

free trade

the free movement of goods without control or taxation

fair trade

an initiative which offers a higher wage for producers and includes investment in community projects e.g. sanitation, education or healthcare.

trading bloc

A group of countries that promotes trade with each other and erects barriers to limit trade with others. Can be unfair on developing countries who are excluded

aid

when a country, organisation or individual gives resources to another country. Could include: £, products, training or technology and can occur over short or long time periods.

sustainable

something which benefits people today, but can continue to benefit people in the future.

official government aid

aid given from one government to another directly; the receiving government then controls spending

multilateral aid

provided by many countries and organised by an organisation like the United Nations

bilateral aid

Aid that has 'strings attached' known as 'tied aid', meaning the receivign country has to give something back (usually illegal)

voluntary aid

Given by individuals to NGO's or charities like Oxfam who direct aid to the right place

over-extraction

taking too much of a resource, an unsustainable approach to development

primary

an econmic activity which involves collecting raw materials such as farming, fishing and mining

secondary

an economic activity which involves processing raw materials into finished products with higher value

tertiary

the service sector of the economy including: sales, education, healthcare.

quaternary

economic activities that involve research and development into new technology

Rostow's model

a 5 stage model of employment sector change as a country develops over time

traditional society

subsistence economy based on small-scale agriculture with little infrastructure. Modern example: Ethiopia

pre-conditions for take off

more commercial agriculture, increased wealth and investment. Modern example: Philippines

take off

secondary manufacturing dominates, increased infrestructure and government expenditure. Modern example: Thailand

drive to maturity

Increasingly self-sufficient, diverse economy, rapid urbanisation, tertiary services dominate. Modern example: China

high mass consumption

services dominate, increased personal wealth leading to consumerism. Modern example: UK

Millennium development goals

a set of 8 goals agreed by world leaders to be met by 2015

sustainable development goals

a set of 17 goals agreed by world leaders to be met by 2030

Poverty and hunger

Millenium development goal 1

primary education

Millenium development goal 2

Gender equality

Millenium development goal 3

Child mortality

Millenium development goal 4

Maternal health

Millenium development goal 5

Combat disease

Millenium development goal 6

Environmental sustainability

Millenium development goal 7

Global partnerships

Millenium development goal 8

trade deficit

a situation in which a country imports a higher value of goods and services than it exports

NGO's

Non-governmental organisation - a not-for-profit organisation that is not under government control, e.g. the Red Cross or MSF

UN

United Nations - an international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

TNC's

Trans-national corporation - a business which operates all over the world, usually with their headquarters in an Advanced Country and their manufacturing branches in emerging countries e.g. Apple