JOUR130 - Midterm Exam Flashcards

Audience analysis

The process of gathering and analyzing info about an audience to make informed choices about content and delivery

Speaking situation

consists of the size of the audience, the environment, and the occasion

demographics

personal characteristics or attributes of the audience

attitudes

learned thought processes that guide our behavior and thinking and represent our likes or dislikes of a target

beliefs

ideas that a person holds true or false, are formed from experiences in the world and significant relationships, and are harder to influence/change than attitudes

informant

a person who generally knows about the speaking situation, the makeup of the potential audience, and even the overall attitudes and beliefs of the audience

open-ended questions

allow respondent to expand on answer

scaled question

allow the person to make an answer between two points

category question

limit possible answers to groupings

plagarism

using someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common knowledge) material without giving credit

global plagarism

when a person uses an entire document as their own

patchwork plagarism

when several different documents are combined into one

text stealing

(most common) when a person uses another person's words without giving credit

self-plagarism

when you use your old work as new

ethos

credibility and ethical appeal

pathos

involves passion/emotion

logos

refers to logic, structure, evidence, and support for your argument

deductive reasoning

using general conclusions to reach a specific conclusion

inductive reasoning

uses specifics to reach a general conclusion

non sequitur argument (fallacy)

- does not follow logical conclusion

- conclusion is not related to the statement

ad nominem (fallacy)

attacks the other person, instead of the information presented

red herring (fallacy)

attempts to derail someone from an argument using irrelevant information as a distraction

either/or arguments (fallacy)

- oversimplifies an issue; offers only two solutions to a problem even though there are many other solutions

- polarizes the discussion

slippery slope (fallacy)

- argues that, when a single step is made, a host of other consequences with follow

- often used to scare an audience into believing and argument

hasty generalization (fallacy)

- examines one or two examples and then generalizes them to a much larger concept

- used when the speaker has inadequate research or when they want to scare the audience

bandwagon (fallacy)

expects that people will make decisions based on popularity/popular opinion

How does organizing your presentation help it?

It helps to connect and engage the audience

Five organizational patterns

• Topical

• Chronological

• Spatial

• Cause and Effect

• Problem and Solution

Chronological pattern

use this when the order of steps is important, to describe the development of an event, or a historical occasion

Topical pattern (most common)

information prepared according to subject matter

ex: least to most important, general to specific, etc.

Spatial pattern

providing information by location or physical relationship

- can describe a building, location, piece of art, city, object, etc

- you choose the direction; left to right, south to north

cause-and-effect pattern

provides information in terms of cause and effects on another entity

- describes health, climate, sustainability, weight + gain

- use the words cause and effect to link directly

problem-cause-solution pattern

discusses solving a dilemma (best for persuasive speech)

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A persuasive organizational patter with sequence

1. Attention - capture audience interest

2. Need - establish problem/fact that is significant

3. Satisfaction - setup a plan of action (be detailed/exact)

4. Visualization - provide advantages to plan & disadvantages for not implementing plan; help audience visualize

5. Action - explain immediate actions to be taken to implement & solve problem

Types of Transitions

section, nonverbal, internal preview, internal summary, signposts

section transition

indicate the speaker is moving from one main point to another

nonverbal transitions

utilize physical movement to indicate to the audience that you are switching points in the presentation

internal preview

lets the audience know the specific information that you will discuss next

internal summary

reminds listeners of points already made

signposts

brief phrases or words that let the audience know exactly where you are in the presentation

Three main parts of a presentation

1. Introduction

2. Main points

3. Conclusion

Communication apprehension (CA)

an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons (a subset of performance anxiety)

Two types of CA

state & trait

State CA

based on the particular context for the speaking occasion

Trait CA

the CA we possess on a daily basis across many different contexts

How to reduce CA

1. Practice speech/systematic desensitization

2. Visualize a successful presentation

3. Connect w/audience

Methods of delivery

manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous, meditated, group

memorized presentation

a speech given from memory without the use of notes

manuscript presentation

speeches that are read from a script word for word

impromptu presentation

a speech in which the speaker has little or no preparation time

extemporaneous presentation

a speech in which the speaker carefully prepares notes and an outline and has thoroughly practiced

mediated presentation

speeches that use manuscript, memorized, impromptu, or extemporaneous delivery but are viewed using some technological component

group presentation

consist of one speech with several people doing various parts

paralinguistic skills

volume, pitch, rate, fluency

volume

the level and variety of loudness in our voice

pitch

the amount of vocal inflections in your voice, or the highness or lowness in your voice

rate

the speed of your speech

fluency

the smoothness of your voice

Vocal fillers

unnecessary words or phrases that create pauses and disrupt the flow in our speech "um", "ah", "like", "you know"

nonverbal behaviors

eye contact, gestures, movement, attire

eye contact

involves looking at people in your audience. Establishing eye contact with your audience (both live and virtual) is essential

gestures

hand movements used to emphasize and reinforce your message

movement

how you use your body during a presentation. Movement can contribute to your confidence

attire

how we dress in a speaking situation