HIST 2112 Exam 1

The founder and leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was

Samuel Gompers

The event that led to the demise of the Knights of Labor was

The Haymarket Affair in Chicago

When a company owns everything from the raw materials to the finished product, it is said to be

Vertically integrated

Jay Gould

The most notorious of the railroad "robber barons"

The corporation includes all the following business practices EXCEPT

Personal ownership of the means of production

The "Bourbon" Redeemers of the New South were called such because

Like the Bourbon dynasty in France after the French Revolution, they learned nothing and forgot nothing from the Civil War

In response to white racism in the postwar South, blacks did all the following EXCEPT

Kill white mayors

The "New West" was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A general lack of violence

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis

American history is the story of westward expansion

One of the great advocates for Native American rights and the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1882-85 was

Helen Hunt Jackson

According to Loewen, American Indians

Are the most lied about subset of our population

All the following technologies facilitated urban growth in America before 1920 EXCEPT

Air conditioning

Most of the immigrants to the U.S. between 1830 and 1860 (post-colonial phase) came from

Northern and Western Europe and China

All of the following are examples of trends in education after 1870 EXCEPT

Sharp decrease in the number of secondary schools

Saloons in the late 19th century often provided all of the following services EXCEPT

Medical help

T/F Political "machines" in late 19th/early 20th century American cities rarely engaged in graft and corruption and acted as a legal vehicle through which goods/services were distributed

False

According to Loewen

The Democrats blame the "system" while the Republicans blame the poor

What is the chief consequence, according to Loewen, of teaching "middle class" history

The poor develop negative self-images and low self-esteem

The People's (Populist) Party's platform (political program) including all the following EXCEPT

Abolition of child labor

T/F Frank Baum's famous book, The Wizard of Oz, can also be interpreted as a commentary on the important money/currency issue of the times

True

Define Bossism

A situation in which a political party is controlled by party managers

What did the Republicans dominate? The Democrats?

The Republicans dominated White House and Senate; Democrats dominated the House

Define Spoils System

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress

People's Party

Formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

Socialist Party

Political Party in the United States which supports socialism - working people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically- controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups

Rutherford B. Hayes

(1877-1880) 19th president of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

"Compromise" of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

Stalwarts vs Half Breeds 1870s

The Stalwarts supported political machines and the spoils system, while Half Breeds supported the civil service reform and merit system

Charles A. Arthur

He became president after the assassination of James Garfield. While Arthur defended the spoils system he supported the movement for civil-service reform which had been strengthened because of public indignation over Garfield's assassination

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

Who is the only president to have served two nonconsecutive terms in office?

Grover Cleveland

A Public Office is a Public Trust

Place loyalty to the Constitution; there should be no private gains. 1884 Dem slogan for Grover Cleveland, reminding voters the Rep. candidate James Blaine was selling favors to a railroad company during his time as Speaker of the House

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President and grandson of the 9th President: William H. Harrison

Dependent Pension Act

1890 passed in Congress and signed by President Harrison. It was the same bill that Cleveland had vetoed, allowing veterans dependent on manual labor and unable to work, whether or not the reason was connected to military service, to collect pensions. Pension rolls doubled between 18890 and 1893 causing the treasury to start draining

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Granger Movement

A farmers' organization and movement that started as a social/educational association; the Grange later organized politically to pass a series of laws to regulate railroads in various states.

Farmers' Alliances Slogan (Agrarian Protest and Reform)

"Equal rights to all, special privileges to none"

Omaha Convention

1892; Creation of populism (liberal traditions) and a non conservative approach to our government, colored farmers allowed with no voice

Currency Reform

Desire to introduce more silver into circulation to cause limited inflation and higher crop prices to relieve farmer distress

Coxey's Army

A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time

McKinley vs Bryan

McKinley defeated Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power.

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Wizard of Oz Symbolism (Frank Baum)

- Scarecrows = Farmers

-Tin man = Industrialists

- Water poured on wicked witch = drought

- Yellow brick road and silver shoes = silver and gold

Settlement House Movement (Janes Addams)

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous

The New Immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans

Push Factors of New Immigration

Persecution, war/revolution, and famine

Pull Factors of New Immigration

Jobs, relatives, advertising

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892; 2% denied

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York; 30 % denied

Anglo-Saxonism is the belief that?

Idea that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government. (John Fiske's ideas)

Saloon culture (good vs. bad)

Good: Amusement, free hot lunches, meeting places for businessmen, etc.

Bad: Fostered alcoholism, family abuse and absenteeism, divorce, and crime.

Darwinism

The doctrine that natural selection has been the prime cause of evolution of higher forms.

Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer)

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle; Laissez faire

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Pragmatism (William James/John Dewey)

Translate ideas into action

Reform Darwinism (Lester Frank Ward)

- Role of human brain in shaping society

- Intelligence the mother of invention

- Cooperation over competition to promote social progress

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. He planned Atlanta's International Cotton Exposition

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Henry Grady's Vision

- Democracy but with white hegemony

- Small farms/agricultural diversity

- Diversified industries/industrial growth

- Northern investment

- Better education

- Bustling cities

Expected Results of the New South

- Material wealth

- Sectional peace

- Racial harmony

- Economic growth

Economic growth/business expansion of the New South

Textiles (NC/VA), cigarettes (NC), coal (AL), and lumbar (GA)

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Bourbon Redeemers Achievements

- Cut government spending

- Reduced public debt

- Established boards of agriculture/public health

- Established public colleges

- Allowed black voice in government

- Reconciled tradition with innovation; industrialized and created a new economic system, but kept a mythic reverence for the "Old South"

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tenancy

Period of a tenant's temporary holding of real estate

Agriculture in the New South

Mostly cotton. Also, sugar cane and vegetables

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal; Separate but equal doctrine.

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Wilmington Insurrection of 1898

First time in US history a lawfully elected municipal government (of blacks) was overthrown (by whites)

Ida B. Wells

Women activist who lead the movement to ban lynching--> fed. anti-lynching laws failed; Memphis Free Speech; one of the founders of the NAACP

Lynching

Putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

B.T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois

Debate on their different ideas on how to get rid of racial discrimination, involving progress in things like education and work.

The New West Miner Slogan

Get in, get rich, get out

Great Sioux War

Conflict between Sioux and Cheyenne Indians and federal troops over lands in the Dakotas in the mid-1870s.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis

Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism

1876 Philadelphia Exposition

The First official World's Fair in the United States, was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from May 10 to November 10, 1876, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Under Grant's last year of presidency. 2nd Industrial Revolution.

Factors leading to industrial growth/how industrialization revolutionized the world economy

- agriculture commercialized; uprooted small farmers

- consolidated land in hands of a few

- encouraged land in hands of a few

- production soared; prices fell

- raised standard of living and wages

- fostered western expansion, technology and innovation, population growth

- led to dominance of the corporation

Who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell; (although, there are controversies over the correct answer - Antonio Meucci, Elisha Gray and Granville T. Woods should also be recognized)

Who invented the light bulb?

Thomas Edison

Who invented the AC current

George Westinghouse

Jay Gould and the railroads

Consolidation movement - drive for profit, financing the RRs, etc.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller; Standard Oil

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution; Swift & Co.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel; Gospel of Wealth

J.P. Morgan

Banking/finance

Interstate Commerce Commission

(1877) An agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines

RR Strike of 1877

First big rilroad strike, wages were almost cut in half, militia involved which erupted violence

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Knights of Labor

Labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation.

Haymarket Affair

1886 incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers.

Samuel Gompers/AFL

Formed the American Federation of Labor, a labor union which is a craft union and a loose organization of skilled workers from some 100 local unions devoted to specific crafts of trades.