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What are norm-referenced scores?
indicate how well an examinee performed compared to a representative sample of individuals
Examples of norm-referenced scores
percentile ranks and standard scores
What is the purpose of test standardization in norm-referenced scores?
ensures uniform administration, scoring procedures, and establishes norms
What is a percentile rank?
indicates the percentage of examinees in the reference group who scored at or below a given score
what percent of scores does each percentile rank represent?
1%
How are raw scores converted into percentile ranks?
nonlinear transformation, where 1% of scores correspond to each percentile, and the distribution is flat
What are standard scores?
express how well an examinee performed in terms of standard deviations from the mean of the reference group
Examples of standard scores
z-scores, T-scores, IQ scores, and stanines.
What is a z-score?
indicates how many standard deviations an examinee’s score is from the mean of the reference group
How is a z-score calculated?
calculated by subtracting the mean (M) from the raw score (X) and dividing by the standard deviation
What is a T-score?
a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
What is the typical mean and standard deviation for IQ scores on the Wechsler tests?
mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
What is a stanine?
standard scores with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. They range from 1 to 9, with 5 representing scores within ±0.25 standard deviations of the mean.
What are criterion-referenced scores?
used to evaluate an individual’s or group’s performance based on a pre-established standard of mastery or competence, rather than comparing to others.
What are percentage scores?
indicate the proportion of test items answered correctly.
How are percentage scores used in decision-making?
cutoff score is often set to distinguish between those who have mastered the content
What are expectancy tables?
predict a person’s future performance based on their obtained test score
When are expectancy tables used?
job hiring or other selection processes to predict job performance.
What is a cutoff score?
the threshold used to decide whether a candidate passes or fails
What is the ranking method in test score selection?
candidates are ordered by their test scores from highest to lowest, and the top candidates are selected until the desired number is reached
What is banding?
groups test scores into bands based on the standard error of measurement. Candidates within the same band are considered equivalent and may be selected based on other factors like experience or skills.
What is the advantage of banding?
Banding helps reduce adverse impact by considering test score variability and including minority group candidates within the same score range
If a student’s raw score on a test is 120, the test has a mean of 100, and the standard deviation is 10, what is the student’s z-score?
The z-score is +2.0
A person scores 45 on a test, where the mean score is 50 and the standard deviation is 10. What is their T-score?
The T-score is 45.
A student’s raw score on a test is 80. The percentile rank for a raw score of 80 is 60. What does this percentile rank mean?
he student scored better than 60% of the reference group and is below the top 40% of test-takers.
On a Wechsler IQ test, the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. If a person’s score is 85, what is their z-score?
The z-score is -1.0.
If a student has a T-score of 60 on a standardized test with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, what is the student’s raw score?
60
A person has a z-score of +1.5 on a test. What does this indicate about their performance?
the person’s score is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean, indicating above-average performance.
