Wind Energy [AB ENERGY]

Windmill

For mechanical milling

operation

Windpump

For mechanical pumping of

water operation

Wind Turbine

For electricity generation

Principle

Kinetic energy of the wind causes the rotor to rotate producing

reciprocating motion that drives a lift pump

Wind Pump

(application of ____)

Water pumping for domestic, poultry and livestock farm, and

for pressurized and non-pressurized irrigation

Wind Turbine

Kinetic energy of wind is used to propel the rotor at a higher

speed to produce electricity

Devices of wind turbine

Rotor, usually 3 blades, directly coupled to a slow-rpm

alternator or to a speed increaser for slow-moving large rotors,

guide vanes, tower and battery

Northeast Monsoon and Southwest Monsoon

Two Principal Sources

of Wind

October to April

(Max intensity

during January)

Northeast Monsoon

June to

September

(maximum

intensity August)

Southwest Monsoon

Amihan

Northeast Monsoon is also called __

Habagat

Southwest Monsoon is also called __

Beaufort Wind Scale

scale used to estimate wind strengths.

true

[true or false]

0-12 scaling

as it increase, the wind strength also increases

Horizontal-Axis

Rotor is oriented parallel to

the wind direction (what axis).

This is

commonly used for pumping water

since it produces higher power

output per unit size of the machine.

Vertical-Axis

Rotor is oriented perpendicular to

the wind direction (what axis)

It does

not need a device to

orient the rotor to the

direction of the wind.

Driven Well

Type of well that Can possibly encounter silt problem

Dug Well

Type of well wherein Silt problem can be eliminated

Rotation Speed

Rotor speed is the ___

Rotor Torque

force for a given radius

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]

The more the number of blades the heavier the rotor

FALSE

HIGHER

The heavier the rotor, the slower the speed of the rotor and the higher is the torque

[TRUE OR FALSE]

The heavier the rotor, the slower the speed of the rotor and the LOWER is the torque

FALSE

[FASTER]

The lesser the number of rotor the

FASTER is the rotor speed .

[TRUE OR FALSE]

The lesser the number of rotor the

SLOWER is the rotor speed .

TRUE

[TRUE OR FALSE]

The lighter the rotor , the faster is the speed making it more ADVANTAGEOUS in driving dc generator

Gear Reduction Drive

Need to achieve the stroke per minute of specific

pump

30 stroke/min

Usually ____ stroke per minute is required by lift pump

Lift Pump

Limited suction head of

around 6 m.

Need to reposition the pump

below 6 m distance from water

source

Solidity = Area of Blades / Area of Rotor

Solidity Formula

Power Coefficient = Power at the Rotor

Shaft / Wind power

Power Coefficient Formula

Power Coefficient

Ability of rotor to convert the wind power

into shaft power in driving the pump

Eo = [ Ph / Pw ] x 100

Overall System Efficiency Formula (Eo)

Overall System Efficiency

the ratio of the power generated in pumping water to the power received by the rotor.

Windpump

a machine that

converts the kinetic energy of

the wind to mechanical power

for pumping water.

true (wind pump)

The kinetic energy produced by

the wind per unit time increases

with the cube of the wind

velocity.

9 W/m2

At 3 m/s, the wind

power per square meter per

cross-sectional area of the

windpump rotor is about ____W/m^2

59%

10-50%

Windpump without a

complicated guiding device

can only extract about ___%

of the wind kinetic energy.

Actual values range from __ to __%, depending on the

aerodynamic quality of the

rotor.

Wind

developed due to atmospheric temperature difference

generated by the sun which in turn rises to partial pressure difference

Cross-Wind Rotor

The

axis of rotation of the

rotor is both horizontal to

the surface of the earth

and perpendicular with

the wind direction.

Not effective since it is a

system that is dependent

with the wind direction

High Speed rotor

Windpumps

with few number of blades,

usually having up to 8 blades.

They are normally

characterized by low-torque,

fast-speed rotor.

Low Speed rotor

Windpumps with

construction having several

numbers of blades, usually 18

to 48 blades. They are

characterized by high-torque,

low-speed rotor.

torque

For

windpumping using lift or

reciprocating pump, _____ is

more desired than speed.

Rotor Assembly

converts the kinetic energy of the wind to

mechanical power.

Head Assembly

supports the rotor and the tail vane

assemblies. Power at the rotor is converted to reciprocating

motion through transmission drive

Tail-Vane Assembly

causes the rotor to perpendicularly face

the incoming wind. This can be adjusted depending on the

desired rotor orientation.

Tower Assembly

raises the rotor to the desired elevation to

obtain the wind speed necessary for water pumping.

Pump Assembly

lifts water from the source at a desired rate

and head.

Ground Pump

Pump used for windpump that is located on

ground and capable of sucking water at a depth of 6 to 9 meters

below the ground.

Submersible Pump

Pump that is usually considered for

deep-well pumping where the pump plunger and casing are

located down below the water level from the source to cause the

pump to operate even at the deeper level.

Atmospheric Tank

is the

conventional tank used for storing

water for the windpump

Reservoir

larger size of

storing water for windpump for

wider plantation or for community

water supply.

Pressure Tank

is used for

windpump when the application is for

drip or sprinkler irrigation system.

Wind Power

the amount of energy available from the wind

within a unit time.

Pw = ½ da Ar V3

Wind Power Formula

Power Coefficient

the ratio of the mechanical power actually

attained directly from the rotor and from the wind power.

Cp = Pr / Pw

Power Coefficient formula

Torque Coefficient

the ratio between the torque at the

rotor and the reference torque.

Tip-Speed Ratio

The ratio of the circumferential velocity at the

tip of the rotor to the free stream velocity.

Airfoil

the surface of the blade over which the air flows. The

flow results in either lift or drag force.

lift; drag

The___ is the force

measured perpendicular to air flow; whereas, ___ is measured

parallel with the flow.

Angle of Attack

the angle required to lift an airfoil. The more lift is required, the larger is the angle of

attack (till a certain extent

Cd/Cl Ratio

the ratio of the drag coefficient to the lift

coefficient. The smaller the ratio, the maximum the power

obtained at the rotor.

Cut-In Wind Speed

Speed of wind where the rotor of the

windpump starts to rotate.

Cut-Out Wind Speed

Speed of wind where the rotor stops to

rotate to reduce pumping and for protection purposes.

Hydraulic Power

the amount of power required in lifting a

given rate of water at a given height or lift.

Overall System Efficiency

the ratio of the power generated in

pumping water to the power received by the rotor.

Pump Volumetric Efficiency

the ratio of the total capacity to

the displacement volume of the pump.

Reciprocating Pump

pump that is appropriate for slow

windpump with high torque.

Diaphragm Pump

pump that operates in

the same manner as the

reciprocating pump and is

suitable for high-output smallpumping

head. The advantages

of this pump are: (a) has large

volume flow per stroke; (b) selfpriming

with air-filled suction line;

and (c) can be easily built by the

users.

Centrifugal Pump

pump that is high

speed driven directly by the

windpump through an

appropriate transmission

system.

Rotary Pump

has a rotating

member eccentrically located at

the casing.

Spiral Pump

follows the

principle of a conveyor where

water hose is spirally-wounded

around an inclined rotational

axis and driven directly by a

low-speed windmill. This is

suitable for transporting surface

water.

Bucket Wheel Pump

operates like a simple chain

conveyor consisting of endless

chain with pails, cups, or other

bailing container. This pump is

only suitable for head of up to 3

meters.

Solidity

is the ratio of the area covered by the rotor blade to the

swept area of the windpump rotor.

Survival Wind Speed

the speed of the wind that breaks parts of

the windpump and stops it from operating

Tank, Atmopheric

Tank that operates in a non-pressurized

system and usually the inside pressure is at normal atmospheric

condition.

Tank, Pressurized

Tank that operates on a slightly higher

pressure to cause drip emitters and mist sprinklers in greenhouses

to operate.

(Windpump Irrigation Systems)

WPIS

Windpump Irrigation Systems

These are windpump

designs for crop irrigation, especially high-value crops, by the DABAFE

REPAFs Program.

Archimedean Wind turbine

turbine designed primarily for urban

environments. Its conical, spiral-shaped

design is inspired by the Archimedes

screw and a nautilus shell

Cut-in Wind Speed

Wind speed by which the

rotor start to rotate

Cut-out Wind Speed

Wind speed by with the

rotation of rotor stops

Survival Wind Speed

Wind speed by which

the rotor damaged

increase

Note that the lesser the number of blade, the tip

speed ratio will [increase/decrease] and vice versa.

Wind Turbine

is a machine that converts the wind kinetic

energy into electrical energy using a fast rotating rotor.

Wind turbine systems

usually are propeller-type having a

diameter of 6 to 12 feet and generates electrical power from 200

to 1500 watts or even higher, in megawatts unit, feeding the

national grid.

Horizontal Axis

Vertical Axis

Cross-Wind Axis

Axis of Rotation of the Rotor with Respect to Wind Direction (3)

Horizontal Axis

axis of rotation parallel with the wind

Vertical Axis

axis of rotation vertical and

is perpendicular to the direction of wind

Cross-Wind Axis

axis of rotation is horizontal

but perpendicular with the wind direction

On Grid connection

feeding the national electrical network or

grid. Usually large scale, in mega watts unit.

Off grid connection

feeding areas not connected to the grid or for

specific applications. Usually small units up to few

kilowatt rating.

Downwind

the nacelle or power generating head is

directly facing the wind. The wind approaches the lee

side of the turbine tower.

Stand Alone Installation

only the wind turbine

(installation)

Hybrid Installation

wind turbine in combination with other

sources such as solar or grid

Wind farm Installation

with several units of wind turbines

• Control Panel

• Battery Bank

• Inverter

• Fuse Box

Battery Storage

System

• Rotor

• Generator

• Tail Vane

• Wind Control Devices

• Tower

Wind Generating System

• Control Panel

• Synchronous Inverter

• Fuse Box

• Utility Meter

• Transformer

Utility-Connected System

Spoiler-Flaps Control

Slows the rotor blades by disrupting

the smooth airflow over them. As the wind speed picks up and

approaches the cut-out speed, a spring-restrained air brake or

flap begins to extend. This causes turbulence on the leading

edge of the blades and slows down

Blade Pitch Control

Commonly used method of speed

control on moderate-size rotor of 10 to 15 feet in diameter. As

the wind speed starts exceeding the design rate, the pitch

angle or angle of attack is increased. By changing the pitch by

just few degrees, the rotor can be kept safe at a speed even at

very high winds.