Chapter 24 Hematologic Emergencies

___________ is the study of blood and the blood-forming organs.

Hematology

The organs included in the hematopoietic system are the ___________, ___________, and the ___________.

Liver, spleen, kidneys

The cell from which the various types of blood cells can form is called a(n) ___________ ___________ ___________.

Pluripotent stem cell

________ is the process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells.

Hematopoiesis

The hormone responsible for red blood cell production is ___________.

Erythropoietin

Components of blood include ___________, which is the liquid part, and the formed elements, ___________ ___________ ___________, ___________ ___________ ___________, and ___________

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

__________ are red blood cells, and ___________ are white blood cells.

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes

___________ is the oxygen-bearing molecule in the red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Each complete hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ___________ oxygen molecules

Four

2,3-Biphosphoglycerate is the chemical in red blood cells that affects ___________ affinity for ___________.

Hemoglobin's, oxygen

___________ is the process of producing red blood cells.

Erythropoiesis

___________ is the destruction of red blood cells.

Hemolysis

The spleen and liver contain specialized scavenger cells called ___________.

Macrohages

. Placing a blood sample in a centrifuge and spinning it at high speed so that the cellular elements separate from the plasma will give you the blood's ___________.

Hematocrit

The process by which white blood cells squeeze between the cells lining the blood vessels and follow chemical signals to the infection site is called ___________

Chemotaxis

The process in which white blood cells engulf and destroy an invader is called ___________.

Phagocytosis

White blood cells are differentiated into three main immature forms known as

___________, ___________, and ___________.

Myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts

White blood cells are categorized as ___________, __________, and ___________.

Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

The three mature forms of granulocytes are ___________, ___________, and ___________.

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

The primary cells involved in the body's immune response are the ___________.

Lymphocytes

___________ ___________ is the condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissue.

Autoimmune disease

A nonspecific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma is the ___________ process.

Inflammatory

The combined three mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss are ___________ spasms, ___________ plugs, and ___________ ___________ blood clots.

Vascular, platelet, stable fibrin

The two best known clotting proteins that circulate in an inactive state are ____________ and ___________.

Prothrombin, fibronogen

Plasmin dismantles, or lysing, a blood clot by a process known as ___________.

Fibrinolysis

Clot formation, which is extremely dangerous when it occurs in coronary

arteries or cerebral vasculature, is called ___________.

Thrombosis

Blood type ___________ is considered the universal donor, and blood type ___________ is considered the universal recipient

O, AB

The most common transfusion reaction is the ______________

_____________ _____________.

Febrile nonhemolytic reaction

Bleeding gums are often associated with a decreased ___________ count.

Platelet

An oral yeast infection in an adult is commonly associated with ___________.

AIDS

__________ ___________ disease is a common cause of priapism in the emergency setting.

Sickle Cell

__________ is an excess of red blood cells

Polycythemia

___________ is an inadequate number of red blood cells.

Anemia

A cancer of the hematopoietic cells is ___________.

Leukemia

Too few white cells is known as ___________, and too many white blood cells is known as ___________.

Leukopenia, leukocytosis

Leukemia is the result of

Abnormal white blood cell develoment

Red blood cell production is stimulated by:

Erythropoetin

Erythropoetin is secreted by the:

Kidneys

During the second stage of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy:

Decreased clotting factors cause uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Patients with type A hemophilia:

Have a deficiency of factor VIII

Anemia would result from what conditions:

Chronic hemorrhage, erythrocyte hemolysis, and acute blood loss.

A patient with thrombocytopenia:

Has a decreased platelet count.

Most of the blood's formed elements are:

Erythrocytes

You would expect a person's hematocrit to be low if they:

Is hemorrhaging.

Respiratory function of blood

Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Nutritional function of blood

Carries nutrients from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body.

Excretory function of blood

Ferries the waste products of metabolism from the cells where they are produced to the excretory organs.

Regulatory function of blood

Transport hormones to their target organs and transmits excess internal heat to the surface of the body to be dissipated.

Defensive function of blood

Carries defensive cells and antibodies which protect the body against foreign organisms.

Red blood cells mature in:

5 days

Red blood cells live for as long as:

4 months

Plasma is made of

92% water

6-7% proteins

1-2% electrolytes, clotting factors , and glucose

Red blood cells and white blood cells are derived from

Stem cells

Adverage life span of platelets

5-11 days

One third of platelets are stored in the:

Spleen

The major organs responsible for producing and regulating the blood and its components

Bone marrow

Liver

Spleen

The bone marrow as a hematologic organ

Is the primary site for cell production.

The liver as a hematologic organ

It produces the clotting factors, filters the blood, removing toxins, and is essential to normal metabolism and hemostasis. Also, as old red blood cells enter the liver, they are broken down into bile.

The spleen as a hematologic organ

IT is involved with the filtering and breakdown of erythrocytes, assists with the productions of lymphocytes, and has an important role in providing homeostasis and infection control.

Native Immunity

Provides the body with a nonspecific, maximal response to any disturbance.

Acquired Immunity

Provides the body with a pathogen-specific response. This response arises when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to that invader.

Hemostasis

The complex process of stopping bleeding through vasoconstriction, platelet plugging, and coagulation.

The immediate response to hemorrhage is

Vasoconstriction

The secondary response to hemorrhage is

Platelet plugging

Clots are made of

Fibrin

Patient's with type B hemophilia

Are deficient of clotting factor IX

Patients who receive blood transfusions should be monitored closely for:

30-60 minutes

Blood is made up of

Plasma and formed elements (or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

ABO System

The commonly used blood classification system, based on the antigens present or absent in the blood.

Acute Chest Syndrome

A vasoocclusive crisis that can be assoiciated with pneumonia; common signs and symptoms include chest pain, fever, and cough; associated with sickle cell disease.

Acute Splenic Sequestration Syndrome

A condition in which red blood cells become trapped in the spleen, causing a dramatic fall in hemoglobin available in circulation; usually occurs in infants or toddlers.

Anemia

A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level.

Antibodies

Molecules in the body that react against foreign antigens in the body.

Antigens

Substances (usually protein) identified as foreign to the body.

Aplastic Crisis

A temporary stop in the production of red blood cells: may occur as a result of sickle cell disease.

Autoimmune Disease

A type of disease in which the body `identifies its own antigen as a foreign body and activates the inflammatory system, sending out antibodies to destroy the antigen.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

The immune process in which macrophages and T cells attack and destroy pathogens or foreign substances.

Clotting Cascade

The term that refers to the process by which clotting factors work together to ultimately for fibrin.

Clotting factors

Substances in the blood that are necessary for clotting; also called coagulation factors.

Coagulation

Clotting of the blood.

Coagultopathy

Any type of bleeding disorder that interferes with the activation or continuation of the clotting cascade or hemostasis

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A life-threatening condition commonly found in severe trauma.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Hematocrit

The proportion of RBCs in total blood volume.

Hematologic Disorder

Any disorder of the blood.

Hematopoietic System

The system that includes all blood compnents and the organs involved in their development and production.

Hemoglobin

The iron-rich protein in the blood that carries oxygen.

Hemolytic Crisis

A condition in which red blood cells break down quickly; may occur as a result of sickle cell disease.

Hemolytic Disorder

A disorder relating to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Hemophilia

A bleeding disorder that is primarily hereditary, in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently.

Hemostatic Disorder

A bleeding and clotting abnormality.

Humoral Immunity

The immune process in which antibodies recognize foreign antigens and stimulate an attack on the foreign body.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

The most common type of anemia in which iron stores are low or lacking and the serum iron concentration is low.

Leukemia

Cancer or malignancy of the blood-forming organs, particularly affecting the white blood cells that develop abnormally and/or excessively at the expense of normal blood cells.

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Leukopenia

A reduction in the number of white blood cells.

Lymphoblasts

Lymphocytes transformed because of stimulation by an antigen.

Lymphoid System

The system primarily made up of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen that participates in the formation of lymphocytes and immune responses.

Lymphomas

Malignant diseases that arise within the lymphoid system; includes non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas.

Melena

Blood in stool