Anatomy ch 12

blood, heart, and blood vessels

Cardiovascular system includes

blood

connective tissue with 2 portions

liquid portion; plasma

cellular portion; formed elements

interstitial fluid

tissue fluids; surrounds body cells

carries nutrient and waste

hematology

study of blood and associated diseases

function of blood

transport oxygen, CO2, glucose, urea, heat, hormone

function of blood

regulate pH, body temp, water content

function of blood

protect against blood loss, toxins, and microbes

physical characteristics of blood

denser and more viscous than water

physical characteristics of blood

temp of blood = 38 C

physical characteristics of blood

pH 7.35 to 7.45

physical characteristics of blood

oxygenated blood (bright red)

physical characteristics of blood

deoxygenated blood (dull red)

physical characteristics of blood

8% of total body weight

physical characteristics of blood

average volume

females 4-5 liters

male 5-6 liters

blood plasma

yellow colored fluid

makes up 55% of blood

made of 92% water and 8% solutes

solutes

plasma proteins, fibrinogen, waste molecules nutrients molecules

hemopoiesis

formation of blood cells and occurs iafter births in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

pluripotent stem cells

differentiate into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

progenitor cells and precursor cells

blast cells differentiate into mature cells

erythropoietin

stimulates production of red blood cells

thrombopoietin

stimulates production of platelets

cytokines

colony stimulating factors and interleukins

erythrocytes

red blood cells

red blood cells

99% of formed elements

red blood cells

males 5.4 million cells per microliter of blood

females 4.8 million cells per microliter of blood

red blood cells

lives 120 days- no organelles to use up oxygen

red blood cells

flexible biconcave disc

red blood cells

hemoglobin - protein that carries oxygen

erythropoiesis

production of RBC

leukocytes

white blood cells

a true blood cell ; has all the organelles

2 types; granulocyte and agranulocyte

function; fight against microbes and toxins

granulocyte

granular leukocyte

have visible granules in the cytoplasm

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

agranulocytes

agranular leukocytes

have no visible granules in the cytoplasm

lymphocyte, monocyte

lifespan of leukocyte

hours, days, weeks (acute infection), months (chronic infection), or years (immunity)

leukocyte cells per microliter of blood

5000-10000

neutrophils

60-70%

phagocytize and kill bacteria

have 2-6 lobed nuclei

eosinophils

2-4%

activated in allergy and parasitic infections

have large red granules in cytoplasm

have bilobed nucleus

basophil

0.5 - 1%

activated in allergy, secrete histamine causing inflammation

have purple blue granules

have bilobed nucleus

lymphocytes

20-25%

most important cell of immune system

fight against viral infection, transfusion reactions, and transplanted organs

large circular nuclei with little cytoplasm

types; T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

B cells transform into plasma cells which produce antibodies

monocytes

3-8%

largest white blood cell

have U or kidney shape nucleus

transform into macrophages = phagocytic cells

platelets

thrombocytes

megakaryocytes

stems cells that form platelets

form blood clots = thrombus

small disc shaped cell fragments (no nucleus, not true cell)

only some organelles in cytoplasm

lifespan 5-9 days

hypoxia

decrease in amount of oxygen in tissues

transfusion

transfer of whole blood or blood components into bloodstream

differential WBC count

determines percentage of each type of WBC

anticoagulant

drug that delays, supresses or prevents blood clotting

polycythemia

too many red blood cells

anemia

erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

sickle cells disease

inherited condition resulting from a defective hemoglobin molecule. erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape with jagged edges

leukemia

cancer of the blood

leukocytes produced in excessive amounts and are unable to function properly

bone marrow biopsy

needle aspirate from the iliac bone or sternum

thrombus

clot that devekops and persists in an intact blood vessel

embolus

thrombus breaks off a vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream.

blood clot, bubble of air, particle of fat from broken bones, mass of bacteria or other foreign material transported by the blood.

hemorrhage

a lot of bleeding

hemophilia

blood can’t clot