APUSH EOC Review

Period: Westward Expansion

from about 1877 to 1900. America moves west after the Civil War, and confronts the Native American cultures there while using new technologies (plows, etc) to change the land

Great Plains

Grassland of Central North America that extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

Homestead Act (1862)

Was a law that provided 160 acres to anyone who was willing to settle land in the west

Cattle Drives

As a demand for beef increased, cowboys drove herds of cattle along trails to be shipped to the east by railroad. Famous trails include the Chisholm, Western, and Goodnight-Loving.

Buffalo

The Great Plains Indians relied on the Buffalo to continue their way of life. When the buffalo were killed off, so was the lifestyle of the Plains Indians.

Dawes Act (1887)

U.S. law that attempted to assimilate Indians by giving them individual plots of land. It authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

Battle of Wounded Knee

U.S. soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native Americans in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Period: Gilded Age

about 1877 to 1900. Term coined by writers including Mark Twain to satirize (make fun of) what they believed to be an era of serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold and industrialization. A time of enormous growth in America with even bigger social concerns (tenements, urbanization)

Andrew Carnegie

(November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) Carnegie was Scottish-American industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who controlled most of the steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller

(July 8, 1839 - May 23, 1937)Rockefeller was an American industrialist business tycoon and philanthropist who owned Standard Oil and controlled 90% of the oil industry in the late 1800s. 9. Monopolies : Situation in which one company controls an entire industry

Monopolies

Situation in which one company controls an entire industry.

Trusts

Small companies join together to form one large company.

Laissez-Faire

The idea that government should not interfere with business practices.

Social Darwinism

The belief that the rich succeed because they are superior to the poor. This belief was applied to big business during the Gilded Age.

Social Gospel

Groups of people who worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideas of charity and justice. (Late 19th century)

Sherman Antitrust Act

Outlawed business monopolies, but was not very effective at limiting the power of big business.

Labor Unions

Organizations that protected the interests of the worker. They created the 40-hour work week and dealt with dangerous working conditions. They also organized strikes. Famous labor unions included Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor.

Industrialization

The rise of a manufacturing economy and decline of an agriculture economy.

Urbanization

The large growth of cities. With urbanization came a large range of urban problems including sanitation, transportation, and crowded living conditions.

Jane Addams

She was the founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. (September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935)

Settlement Houses

Community centers that helped immigrants address the problems of horrible living conditions, disease, illiteracy, and unemployment.

Populism

A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in cities. A boss led the machine and attempted to grab more votes for their party. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall are an example of political machines

Period: Progressivism

about 1900 - 1920. A time when a general political philosophy emerged advocating social, political, and economic reform. Modern Progressivism was part of societal response to the vast changes, and problems, brought about by industrialization of the Gilded Age.

Muckraker

Reporters and writers who exposed corruption and the abuses of big business.

Suffrage

The right to vote

Initiative

Procedure by which citizens can propose a law to be placed on a ballot. Progressive idea lead to more citizen participation in our democracy.

Recall

Procedure by which a public official may be removed from office by popular vote. More democracy…

Referendum

Procedure by which voters can vote for a proposed initiative on a ballot. More democracy…

Prohibition

Prohibition in the United States was a national ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920 to 1933.

Susan B. Anthony

She was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. (February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906)

W.E.B. Du Bois

Early civil rights leader and co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Felt African Americans needed to actively confront injustice. (like Malcolm X did later) (February 23, 1868 - August 27, 1963)

Upton Sinclair

Sinclair was the author of The Jungle, a book that described the terrible conditions of the meat packing industry and the struggles of immigrants who worked at them. (September 20, 1878 - November 25, 1968)

Ida B. Wells

Ida B. Wells was an African-American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s.

Eugenics

the proposed improvement of the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable. An American notion that was taken up by the Nazis.

Woodrow Wilson

He was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921, and a leader of the progressive movement. Also, President during WWI, wrote the Fourteen Points and idea for League of Nations. He wanted to make the world "Safe for democracy." (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924)

Period: Imperialism

Late 1800's and early 1900's period when the USA sought overseas colonies to compete with other countries.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive and imperialist president. Used the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up "bad" trusts/monopolies. Created National Park system. Eventually split to from Progressive Party to form "Bull Moose" Party.

Sanford B. Dole

In 1882 After US marines overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy, US government chose Sanford Dole as President. He pushed for annexation of Hawaii as an American territory. Hawaii made territory in 1898.

The Role of missionaries in Imperialism

Missionaries felt duty to spread Christian religion and western values (language, law, capitalism) to the heathen masses. Especially effective in new US colonies in Pacific.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

He was a U.S. Admiral who encouraged the U.S. to strengthen its naval power to a become a world power. (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914)

The Spanish-American War (1898)

brief war fought between US and Spain, mostly in Cuba and the Phillipines. Fueled by Expansionism, Yellow Journalism, the de Lome letter, and the USS Maine explosion.

Results of the Spanish American War

Spain loses most of its empire, The Platt Amendment (1901)- allows the U.S. to control Cuba, The U.S. acquired the territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, The U.S. increases its strength as a world power.

Panama Canal (1914)

Man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Acquired by United States in 1903/giving America important trading power in the area between North and South America.

Open Door Policy

Ensured that the U.S. could trade with China. When the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China were threatened.

Period: WWI - War in Europe from 1914-1918. Militarism, Nationalism, Alliances, Imperialism

US joins War in 1917 after German attacks on shipping/Zimmerman Telegram and helps turn the war with millions of troops

General John Pershing

The commander of the American expeditionary force during WWI. Under his leadership, American forces helped end the stalemate and led the Allies to victory. (September 13, 1860 - July 15, 1948)

Henry Cabot Lodge

U.S. Senator who opposed the League of Nations. Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and the United States Senate never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924)

New weapons introduced during the WWI

Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes were introduced. Airplanes engaged in "dog fights" in the skies over Europe.

Trench Warfare

Opposing side's attacked from the ditches instead of an open battlefield. Often a result of use of the new machine guns.

Stalemate

A situation where neither side could gain an advantage in combat…such as the trench warfare system in WWI

Battle of Argonne Forest

The battle that led to the surrender of the Germany army and the end of WWI. Also the battle where Alvin York won his Medal of Honor.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

President Wilson's proposal for peace after WWI. Wilson called for the freedom of the seas, ending secret treaties, a League of Nations, and other peaceful measures.

League of Nations

International organization formed after WWI to help solve disputes between countries. It had no real power, the U.S. did not join, and it was considered a failure after failing to prevent rise of dictators during 1930's.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that officially ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment. Germany was forced to pay reparations to the Allies for the cost of the war. The treatment of Germany in the treaty helped lead to the rise of Adolph Hitler and WWII.

Period: Roaring Twenties - period from 1920-1929

Marked by birth of the Modern USA - consumerism, economic boom and bust, and cultural transformations

The Red Scare

After WWI, Americans became very fearful of radical political theories. Immigrants were blamed for the violence, and the Palmer Raids targets immigrants' homes and businesses. Other examples of Nativism include the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial, anti-immigration laws (Emergency Quota Act and National Origins Act), and the rise of the "new KKK."

Sacco and Vanzetti

Anarchists and Italian immigrants accused of murder. They were sentenced to death. Because of their political stance and nationality they were not given a fair trial.

Glenn Curtiss

Supplied planes/improved designs during WWI enabled, new air mail service, and sped paper communication during the 20s.

Marcus Garvey

Inspired racial pride in millions called "Back to Africa," black nation/economy; uniforms, parades showed unity/economy; uniforms, parades showed unity; convicted for stock fraud and deported to Jamaica

Henry Ford

Auto manufacturer who created the Model T and began to mass produce the automobile. He used the assembly line to speed up producton and satisfy demand. (July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947)

William Jennings Bryan

The prosecutor in the Scopes Trial. He supported creationism in school. He was also famous was also famous as the Populist and Democratic presidential candidate in 1896. (March 19, 1860 - July 26, 1925)

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools. One of the founders of ACLU to defend constitutional rights. (April 18, 1857 - March 13, 1938)

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic. Personified the "can-do" spirit of the Roaring 20's.

Warren G. Harding's Return to Normalcy

Harding's promise to restore America to traditional moral values, and to adopt pro-business attitudes after our involvement in WWI. While European governments grew Harding (republican) shrank government with laissez faire capitalism. His administration known for corruption.

Teapot Dome Scandal

The prime example of corruption during Warren G. Harding's Presidency; involved Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall leasing U.S. naval oil reserves in Wyoming to private interests in exchange for bribes.

Flappers

Embracing new urban attitudes and fashions, Women began to demand more freedom and assert their independence during the 1920's.

The Scopes Trial (1925)

The famous "Monkey Trial" that pitted the teaching of creationism against Darwin's theory of evolution in Tennessee public schools. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. Modernism vs Traditionalism.

Jazz

Jazz is a popular musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern U.S. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. see "Harlem Renaissance"

The Great Migration

The mass migration of African-Americans to Northern cities from 1910 through both World Wars. They left the segregated south for industrial jobs in northern cities.

The Harlem Renaissance

Period of African-American cultural creativity in music, art, and literature centered in Harlem, New York. Langston Hughes was one famous poet.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Causes of the Great Depression

Decline in world trade, High protective tariffs , Overproduction of consumer goods , Buying stock on margin (borrowing) and market speculation for quick profit, Very unequal distribution of wealth , Decline in agriculture prices , Severe drought in the southern plains (dust bowl) ,Stock Market Crash of 1929 ("Black Tuesday)

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

President when the Great Depression began. Hoover is criticized for allowing the Depression to continue. He was defeated when voters looked to the federal government for help.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 -1945)

Defeated Hoover in 1932. Implemented the New Deal to help with the Great Depression. He gave fireside chats on the radio to communicate with the American public.

Dust Bowl

Term used to describe the area of the Great Plains where heavy droughts and had dried up the farmland.

The New Deal

Roosevelt's program to fight the Great Depression. It was a series of economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936, and drastically enlarged the size of American government.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Insurance for people's bank accounts. One of the lasting reforms of the New Deal.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Government agency that regulated stock market, a New Deal reform

Social Security Act

The most important act of the New Deal. Social Security provides unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled, old age pensions, and insurance for families.

FDR Battles the Supreme Court

The Supreme court had declared several New Deal programs unconstitutional. FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs. This was known as court packing.

Period: World War II

started in 1939 with German invasion of Poland, for the USA, War years are 1941-1945.

Pearl Harbor Attack

December 7, 1941, Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Congress, with citizen's support, declared war on Japan. Referred to by FDR as "A date which will live in infamy".

Harry S. Truman

President of the U.S. during the last months of WWII. He made the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan to end the war sooner and save U.S. service member lives.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. General in Europe during WWII. He was in charge of the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day). He later served as the 34th President from 1953 until 1961.

General Douglas McArthur

U.S. General in charge of the Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean. Promised that " I shall return" after losing Philippines to Japan, and did.

General George Patton

Daring, able commander, Tank warfare expert, outspoken U.S. General, profane, admired by troops who led the U.S. Third Army and helped to liberate Paris.

General Omar Bradley

Calm, able, General who led the US 1st Army during the Invasion of Normandy.

General George Marshall

Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during WWII. He oversaw all the military operations in the War in Europe. After the war, he was responsible for the Marshall Plan to help rebuild war-ravished Europe after WWII.

Chester Nimitz

Soft spoken navy commander (Coral Sea, Midway, Solomon Islands, Philippine Sea, Leyte Guld, Iwo Jima, Okinawa). Overall Allied commander of the entire Pacific. From Fredricksburg, Texas.

Vernon J. Baker

awarded Medal of Honor in 1997 for heroic acts in Italy in 1945 (Black segregated 92nd infantry division)

Causes of WWII:

Harsh treatment of Germany after WWI, The rise of dictators, fascism, extreme nationalism, and totalitarianism in Europe and Japan (Nazi Party in Germany), Germany's invasion of Poland, Germany's aerial attacks on Great Britain, Japans' invasion of China, Japans' attack on Pearl Harbor

Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

On December 7th 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor forcing the U.S. to enter the war.

Battle of Midway (1942)

Major turning point in the war in the Pacific. This pivotal battle dealt a severe blow to the Japanese Navy, after US sank 4 Japanese carrier ships.

Island Hopping

Allied naval strategy to reach Japan by taking one island at a time. Primarily focused on islands with airstrips.

The Atomic Bomb (1945)

Powerful weapon dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. War ended with surrender of Japanese in 1945.

The Holocaust

The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps. Led to the establishment of Israel by the United Nations in 1948.

Invasion of Normandy (D-Day)

( June 6th 1944) General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the Allied invasion of Axis-controlled France across the English Channel during WW2. The landings were part of the Allied invasion of Normandy. aka Operation Overlord, the invasion opened a second front against the Nazis, and was the largest seaborne invasion in history.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced to relocate to crowded prison camps were they were detained during WWII. Raised questions about government authority during war. Supreme Court found internment legal in "Korematsu vs. US"

War Bonds

Individual Americans making a loan to the US so that the government can better support the war- an act of patriotism during WW2.