Chapter 10

Impact of Aphasia

language formulation and expression, difficulty remembering words, using the right word, using correct grammar, hard to read and write, difficulty understanding others and using correct grammar. Difficulty understanding or expressing through gestures.

Aphasia

A language disorder affecting social communication, caused by brain injuries like strokes, tumors, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, epilepsy, brain infections, and surgical accidents.

Fluent Aphasia

Includes Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent, meaningless speech), Conduction aphasia (fluent with minor comprehension issues), and Anomic aphasia (word-finding problems with good comprehension).

Non-Fluent Aphasia

Includes Broca’s aphasia (effortful speech with good comprehension), Transcortical Motor aphasia (similar to Broca’s but with good imitation), and Global aphasia (severe comprehension and production issues).

Apraxia

A neuromuscular disorder affecting movement sequencing without muscle weakness, including Apraxia of speech and Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Dysarthria

Speech muscle paralysis, weakness, or incoordination due to central or peripheral nervous system impairments, caused by strokes, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, or ALS.

Dementia

Intellectual decline from degenerative neurological diseases, with reversible causes like B12 deficiency and irreversible causes leading to ongoing loss of function.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Includes penetrating (open-head injuries) and non-penetrating (closed-head injuries) types, with acceleration/deceleration injuries causing brain movement and damage.

Anomia

Difficulty naming objects or people, leading to descriptions instead of names.

Paraphasia

Word substitution issue, including phonemic paraphasia, verbal paraphasia, and neologism.

Agrammatism

Leaving out grammatical elements in speech, resulting in telegraphic speech lacking inflection and intonation.

Jargon

Fluent but meaningless speech with normal inflection and intonation, opposite of agrammatism.

Verbal Stereotypes

Repetitive phrases in speech, including neologistic stereotypes with non-meaningful words.

Dysarthria Types

Ataxic (cerebellum damage), Flaccid (cranial nerve damage), Spastic (lesions in pyramidal and extrapyramidal system), Hyperkinetic (basal ganglia damage), Hypokinetic (basal ganglia damage), UUMN (motor neurons damage in one hemisphere), Mixed (multiple types present).

Right Hemisphere Functions

Control attention, visual perception, spatial awareness, emotional expressions, comprehension, production, understanding emotional tone, prosodic features, and pragmatic elements.

Behavioral Deficits in Right Hemisphere Disorders

Left neglect, attention deficits, disorientation, facial recognition deficits, affective deficits, reasoning and planning deficits, communicative deficits.