Anatomy Unit 1 Chapter 2 - Chemical Level of Organization

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass

amount of matter contained in an object, not influenced by gravity

Weight

object’s mass affected by the pull of gravity

What elements are found most in the body, from greatest to least mass?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

what determines the mass of an atom?

protons + neutrons

what is the element determined by?

the number of protons

planetary model

nucleus in middle, electrons circle

electron cloud model

electrons have many different distances from nucleus over time

atomic number

determined by number of protons

mass number

sum of protons and neutrons

what is found in the nucleus of an atom?

protons and neutrons

isotope

determined by the different number of neutrons

ionic bonds

ions donate electrons to each other

covalent bonds

atoms share electrons, stronger bond

nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons, equal pull

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons, unbalanced pull

hydrogen bonds

weakly positive hydrogen already bonded to electronegative atom (water) attracts another electronegative atom from another model (oxygen from another water)

chemical energy

stored in chemical bonds

exergonic reactions

catabolic, releases more energy than absorbed

endergonic

absorbs more energy than released

mechanical energy

directly powers movement of matter

radiant energy

emitted & transmitted as waves rather than matter

electrical energy

voltage transmitting impulses in nerves and muscle cells

what properties of reactants influence chemical reactions?

surface area, states of matter (gas), molecule size

colloid

somewhat heavy, ie milk and cream

suspension

liquid mixture that substance suspended temporarily, then settles

dehydration synthesis

molecules join, water forms

hydrolysis

substance broken, water splits

acids

release H ions (H+) in a solution, less than 7

bases

release hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution, more than 7

how does the body lessen acidity in blood?

releasing CO2 by exhaling (breathing)

how are carbon atoms bonded to each other?

covalent bonds

functional groups of carbon

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, methyl, phosphate

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

how are disaccharides formed?

through dehydration synthesis

what bonds do disaccharides have?

glycosidic bonds

disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharide examples

starch, glycogen, cellulose

starches

long chains (aka amylose), easy to digest

glycogen

found in animal tissue (muscle, liver) and stores excess glucose

cellulose

found in plants, fiber

what are triglycerides made of?

3 carbon atoms and 3 fatty acid chains

saturated fatty acids

no double bonds between carbons, solid

unsaturated fatty acids

2 or more double bonds, liquid, cannot pack together

what are triglyceride functions?

fuel source, absorb and transport fat soluble vitamins, protect organs, retain body heat

what are phospholipids made of?

glycerol, phosphorus, 2 fatty acid chains

phospholipids have a hydrophillic…

head

phospholipids have a hydrophobic…

tail

steriods

hydrocarbon rings, lipids

cholesterol functions

emulsify fats, building blocks of hormones, signaling molecule, important for cell membrane

prostaglandins

lipid signaling molecule derived from unsaturated fatty acids, sensitize nerves to pain

amino acids are made of…

central carbon bounded by amino group, acid group, hydrogen atom, variable/R group

what makes amino acids unique?

variable/ r group

how are amino acids linked?

peptide bonds form thru dehydration synthesis

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

bonding between amino acids creates shapes (alpha helix & beta pleated sheets)

tertiary structure

3D shape of protein; made of aHelix and bSheets; contains disulfide bonds

quaternary structure

2 or more polypeptides forming a larger protein

protein functions

maintain pH balance, help fluid electrolyte balance, transport electrolytes, can be used for energy (not ideal), enzymes

nucleotides are made of

1 or more phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen with base

purines

A, G

pyrimidines

C, U, T

ATP hydrolysis yields

ADP, phosphate, energy

why is oxygen required in biological systems?

to produce ATP that can be used as energy

carbohydrates are made of…

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio

What prevents oppositely charged ions in aqueous solutions from combining?

water’s polar nature (universal solvent)

electrolytes (ions)

soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions conduct electric currents

what are the high energy bonds in ATP?

between phosphate groups

states of matter from least to most thermal energy

solid, liquid, gas

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

hydrogen