Identity and personality

what is self concept?

an internal list to the question “who are you” (one all encompassing

self-concept)

what classification do the characteristics we think of ourselves as fall under?

self schema

what is identity?

the individual components of our self concept (many)

Androgyny

scoring high on masculine and feminine traits

undifferentiated gender identity

scoring low on masculine and feminine

what is hierarchy of salience

which of our identities are the most important

what is self efficacy?

how much we beleive in our ability to succeed

what is learned helplessness?

after experiencing repeated uncontrollable stressful events, believe they have no power to influence outcomes, even in situations where they do have control

Locus of control

who or what has control over a situation

according to freud, what is Fixation

when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development. this causes anxiety and causes a bad personality pattern that goes to adulthood (neurosis)

what is the oral stage?

(0 to 1 year) putting things in the mouth. An orally fixated adult would likely

exhibit excessive dependency

what is the anal stage?

(1 to 3 years) eliminating waste and toilet training. Fixation during this stage

would lead to either excessive orderliness (anal-retentive) or sloppiness in the

adult.

what is phallic or Oedipal stage

identify with father, sexual identity, moral values. Focus on collecting things and focusing on schoolwork to sublimate libidinal energy

what is it called when the libidinal energy is sublimated?

latency phase

what is the stage after the latency phase according to freud?

genital phase. If there have been no problems, person will have a normal heterosexual relationship

What are the stages in order according to freud?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

what are erikson’s first stage of development from 0-1?

from 0-1 its trust vs mistrust. If something goes wrong they might not trust the world

what are erikson’s second stage of development from 1-3?

autonomy vs shame and doubt, feeling in control, having restraint, and independent

what are erikson’s stage of development from 3-6?

initiative vs. guilt. ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment

what is erikson’s stage of development from 6-12

industry vs. inferiority. ability to affect the world in the way the child desires and feel competent

what is the erikson’s stage of development from 12-20?

identity vs. role confusion. identity and loyalty

what is erikson’s stage of development from 20-40?

intimacy vs. isolation. trying to find intimacy

what is eriksons stage of development from 40-65?

generativity vs. stagnation. individual capable of being a

productive, caring, and contributing member of society.

what is eriksons stage of development from 65+?

integrity vs. despair. detached concern with life itself, with assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and an acceptance of the fact that one’s life has been worthwhile, along with a readiness to face death

what is Preconventional morality?

consequences of the moral choice (Stage one (obedience) is concerned with avoiding punishment) (while stage two (self-interest) is about gaining rewards, instrumental relativist stage: reciprocity and sharing)

what is conventional morality?

understanding and accepting social rules (Stage three (conformity) is to seek approval from others) (Stage four (law and order) I can’t steal because the people who make those things might not be able to continue making them)

what is postconventional morality?

social mores, which may conflict with laws (Stage five (social contract) moral rules that ensure the greater good.)(stage six (universal human ethics) reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles)

what is the zone of proximal development from Lev Vygotsky?

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in

the process of development with the healp of a more knowledgeable other.

what is role-taking?

when a child role plays

what is theory of mind?

knowing what other people might be thinking when you tell them a story

what is a refrence group?

people you are comparing yourself against

what is the id, according to freud

pleasure principle, in which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension. primary process, to releive pent up tension related to frustration to obtain satisfaction now, not later. daydreaming or fantasy, that fulfills this need for satisfaction is termed wish fulfillment. (totally unconscious)

what is the ego according to freud?

reduce tension on a permanent basis. reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle. This guidance is referred to as the secondary process. The ego can be understood to be the organizer of the mind: it receives its power from—and can never be fully independent of—the id

what are the desires of the superego?

focused on the ideal self.

what is the conscience portion of the superego?

improper actions for which a child is punished

what is the ego-ideal portion of the superego?

proper actions for which a child is rewarded

what are defense mechanisms?

when the id and super ego clash, which forms anxiety. deny, falsify, or distort reality; second, they operate unconsciously

what is repression?

forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious

what is suppression?

activly deciding not to think about something unpleasant

what is regression?

reversion to an earlier developmental state when faced with stress,

what is reaction formation?

suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their

exact opposites (loving someone but knowing you can’t have them, so hating them)

Projection

individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others

Rationalization

justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

Displacement

transference of an undesired urge from one person

or object to another (boss makes you mad so you snap at your spouse)

sublimation

transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

persona

the aspect of our personality we present to the world (Jungian archetypes)

Anima

a “man’s inner woman

Animus

a “woman’s inner man”

Shadow

unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings,

and actions in our consciousness

what is an inferiority complex?

individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both

physically and socially

neurotic needs

Each of these needs is directed toward making life and interactions bearable.

what do humanistic or phenomenological theorists focusing on?

value of individuals and take a more person-centered approach, describing those

ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization.

what are peak experiences?

profound and deeply moving experiences in a person’s life which

have important and lasting effects on the individual.

What are the big 5 traits of persona

(OCEAN) Openness, concientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

what is the collective unconscious?

proposed by jung and says that all people share a one and it links people together

Eysencks identified three major traits

psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation), and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations).

what are cardinal traits?

a trait that someone centers their life around

what are central traits?

characteristics of personality

what is the social cognitive perspective of personality?

people’s personality molds their environments, which influences behavior and thoughts and feeling

what is the behaviorist perspective of personality?

personality is from operant conditioning from rewards and punishments

what is the biological perspective of personality

genetic expression determins personality

what is functional finalism?

internal, idealistic beliefs about the future.