Anatomy exam 3 (respiratory)

Respiratory functions

Respiratory functions

• supply the body with O2

• Remove CO2

Upper Respiratory system

Nose

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Lower Respiratory system

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Alveoli

Alveoli

Respiratory zone (gas exchange)

Ethmoid bone

superior and middle concha

Function of concha

turbulence (slows down air)

Nasal Meatus

opening for all the sinus (groove under middle concha)

Nasolacrimal ducts

connects to the inferior nasal meatus

Nasal Septum

Nasal cartilage

perpendicular plate

vomer bone

cells that line the respiratory system

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Mucus

Goblet cells produce

Clean and moisten air

Function of sinuses

Remove weight from the skull

4 Sinus

Frontal Sinus

Ethmoid Sinus

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoid Sinus

Nose

Rich in blood supply

Warm the air

Olfactory nerve (cribform plate)

Warms the air

concha

blood vessels

Pharynx

Naso-air

Oro-air and food

Lingual-air and food

Auditory Tube

Connects the middle ear and nasopharynx

Provides a pathway for infection to spread from nasopharynx to middle ear

Permits air pressure in the middle ear cavity to equalize to atmospheric pressure

Soft palate (uvula) functions

Close off the nasopharynx

Epiglottis

closes off the larynx

Larynx functions

voice production

provides an open airway

routes air and food into proper channels

Larynx formed with

3 unpaired]

3 paired

9 in total

3 unpaired

Thyroid Cartilage

Epiglottis Cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage

Thyroid Cartilage

Male- elongated and narrow

Female- short and wide

Epiglottis Cartilage

Elastic cartilage

stops you from choking

close off larynx

3 Paired Cartilage

Aryteniod

Carniculate

Cuneiform

Vestibular fold

False vocal cords

Vestibular functions

Protects vocal cords

Closes off the lungs (holds breath)

female pitch

shorter vocal cords

Whisper

lower pitch arytenoid and thyroid move closer

Scream

higher pitch arytenoid and thyroid move farther apart and there is tension

Vocal cords

run from the arytenoid to the thyroid

Trachea functions

Depends into the mediastinum (space between lungs)

divides into two main branches

C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open

Pseudostratified cilia columnar

gap is for swallowing

Mucus escalator

Cilia moved dirt out of the trachea to the oropharynx

Right primary bronchi

shorter

wider

straighter

Smokers

Right lung is darker

straighter, wider

Primary bronchi to tertiary bronchi

Cartilage decreased

smooth muscle increases

goblet cells decrease

columnar to cuboidal to squamous

CO2

diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary

Oxygen

Diffuses from the capillary to the alveoli

Type 2 cells- produce surfactant

reduce the surface tension

Bronchi Tree

Branches off 23 times before reaching the alveoli

Right lung

3 lobes

2 fissures

Oblique fissure

separates superior and inferior lobes

Horizontal fissure

Separates superior and middle lobes

Left lung

2 lobes

1 fissure

Cardiac notch

on the left lung

Pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood

outer layer of lungs

Parietal pleura

inner layer of the lungs

visceral pleura

Pleura cavity

Fluid is for lubrication

Inspiration- inhalation

external intercostal and diaphragm contracts

Expiration- exhalation

Internal intercostal and diaphragm relaxes

deep breathing (inhalation)

sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae

deep breathing (exhalation)

Obliques and transverse abdominis muscles

bone most responsible for skeletal framework of the nasal cavity

Ethmoid bone

Digestive tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon)

Accessory digestive organs

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

Function of digestive system

Ingestion

propulsion

Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

Absorption

Defecation

Large intestine

Absorbs water

Superficial to deep layers (intestines)

Serosa (facisa)

Muscularis (smooth muscle)

Submucosa (loose connective tissue)

Mucosa (simple columnar)

Plica

Plica

Increase surface area for absorption

Peritoneum

push food forward

Segmentation

randomly contracts, turns large piece into smaller piece and mix food with liquid

peritoneum

a serous membrane

Visceral peritoneum

surrounds digestive system

Peritoneal cavity

a slit like potential space

Mesentery

a double layer of peritoneum

holds organs in place

site of storage

provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves

Retroperitoneal organs

behind the peritoneum

Peritoneal organs

digestive organs that keep their mesentery

Functions of the oral cavity

food is screened by taste buds

food is mechanically broken down by teeth and tongue

food is mixed with saliva that lubricated and initiates chemical digestion

breathe in and out

Superior surface of the tongue

tongue papillae

Filiform papillae

no taste buds

holds food

creates friction

Fungiform & Vallate papillae

have no taste buds

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

connects the tongue to the bones

can move your tongue

Intrinsic muscles

shape

Incisors

clipping or cutting

Cuspids (canines)

tearing

Bicuspids (premolars) & molars

grinding

dental formula

2+1+2+3 (32 total)

Submandibular gland (mixed)

produces saliva

Serous cell

Produces amylase (breaks down carbohydrates)

Mucus cell

produces mucus (moisten food)

Nasopharynx

not part of the digestive system

Esophagus

transportation of food to the stomach

secrete mucus

stratified squamous epithelium

stomach

left side

liver

right side

pyloric sphincter

regulates food into the small intestine

rugae

increase surface area for expansion

function of stomach

storage space

mixing the food into chime

the enzymatic digestion of protein begins

little absorption- absorbs alcohol & drugs

Primary function of stomach

mechanical breakdown

Mucus lining

mucus will spread along the stomach to keep the acid from your stomach muscles

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen and reacts with HCL to create pepsin to allow breakdown of enzymes

Parietal cells

secretes HCL (chemical breakdown of food)

Enteroendocrine cell

secrete gastrin (so stomach can break down food faster)

Small intestine

Begins with duodenum (retroperitoneal organ)

mixing bowl

gastric liquid with bowel and pancreatic juice

bowel breaks down fat

pancreatic juice breaks down carbohydrates and proteins

longest part is the jejunum

Large intestine

5 parts

begins with cecum and ends with sigmoid colon

Haustra

expansion; folds

large intestine primary function

absorbs water

inner surface of intestine

smooth muscle

goblet cells (lubrication)