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One of the functions of the immune system is to transport fat, do you agree?
A) true
B) false– it is the lymphatic system’s responsibility to transport fat, NOT the immune system’s
False
Which type of cell produces and secretes antibodies?
a) Memory B-lymphocyte
b) memory t-lymphocyte
c) natural killer cell
d) plasma cell
e) cytotoxic t-cell
d) plasma cell
Which cells resemble large monocytes and are found in all body tissues for the purpose of phagocytosis of large numbers of bacteria and cellular debris?
a) Dendritic cells
b) Mast cells
c) Natural killer cells
d) Macrophages
e) Cytokines
d) Macrophages
This type of immune cell is derived from a lymphocyte; however, it will kill or phagocytize anything not recognized as “self.” These cells are part of the innate/general immune system that also are capable of destroying some tumor cells.
a) Cytotoxic T-cell
b) Macrophages
c) Natural Killer Cells
d) Neutrophils
e) basophils
c) Natural Killer Cells
An immunoglobulin is a (n)
a) antibody, which is a white blood cell
b) antibody, which is a protein molecule
c) lymphocyte, which is a white blood cell
d) lymphocyte, which is a protein molecule
e) antigen, which is a cell receptor
b) antibody, which is a protein molecule
The constant region of the five classes of immunoglobulins are the same, and their names depend upon their variable region.
a) true b) false
false
The variable region of an immunoglobulin involves the light chains only.
a) true b) false the variable region involves both the heavy & light chains
b) false; the variable region involves both the heavy and light chains.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by?
a) increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis
b) increasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis
c) decreasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis
d) decreasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosi
a) increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.
During development, T-lymphocytes pass through a specialized endocrine gland called the thymus and when they do this, they become T-cells proper due to exposure to an endocrine hormone called
Thymosin
Select all that occur as a result of inflammation:
a) destruction of pathogens
b) removal of cellular debris
c) permits tissue repair
d) limiting the spread of an infectious age
a) destruction of pathogens, b) removal of cellular debris, c) permits tissue repair, d) limiting the spread of an infectious agent.
Inflammation occurs due to the secretion and release of many diverse substances collectively called inflammatory
mediators
The primary goal of the immune response is
a) destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material
b) maintenance of the proper ionic balance between lymph and blood
c) stimulation of mitotic activity to replace cells damaged by infection
d) reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes
e) removal of antibodies from lymph and lymphatic organs
a) destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material
The phrase adaptive immune response refers to?
a) any activity from complement, innate immunity, or specific immunity
b) activity of general immune functions, inflammation, and adaptive immunity
c) activity of adaptive immunity only
d) a reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes
e) the Organ of Corti
c) activity of adaptive immunity only
Which type of immune response is effective against a COVID-19 infection?
a) Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
b) Memory B-lymphocytes
c) Helper T-lymphocytes
d) Natural killer cells
e) B-effector cells
All above
Defensins and lysozymes are both part of ________ immunity and function as ________.
a) adaptive; physical barriers to pathogen entry
b) adaptive; attackers of pathogenic cells
c) innate; physical barriers to pathogen entry
d) innate; attackers of pathogenic cells
c) innate; physical barriers to pathogen entry
Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen
a) inside the cytoplasm of a B-lymphocyte.
b) on the surface of a cell so that a B-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.
c) inside the cytoplasm of a T-lymphocyte.
d) on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.
d) on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.
Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as
a) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
b) CD8+ cells.
c) CD4+ cells.
d) T8 cells.
c) CD4+ cells.
Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by
a) raising the body’s sensitivity to a wide variety of chemicals such as penicillin.
b) cutting plasma protein antibodies in half.
c) preventing effective immune responses by blocking release of bradykinin.
d) combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.
d) combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.
Once a helper T-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it begins the immune response by secreting chemical signals called
A) antibodies.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) memory B-lymphocytes.
D) memory T-lymphocytes.
E) cytokines.
E) cytokines.
In passive immunity, the individual has not had an antigenic challenge.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Active immunity requires
A) the transfer of antibodies from another individual.
B) direct encounter with the antigen.
C) that an active virus be used in a vaccine.
D) that all immune responses to the pathogen result in symptoms of illness.
B) direct encounter with the antigen.
Antigens are
a) Something made by a white blood cell to destroy a pathogen.
b) Something that an antibody or a T-lymphocyte binds to.
c) disorders involving overactive immune systems
d) membrane receptors on B-lymphocytes.
b) Something that an antibody or a T-lymphocyte binds to.
Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired
a) through the placenta, it is passive immunity, but through breastmilk it is active immunity.
b) through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is passive immunity.
c) through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is active immunity.
d) through the placenta, it is active immunity, but through the breastmilk it is passive immunity.
b) through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is passive immunity.
When compared to a primary response, the antibody levels in a secondary response
a) rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.
b) rise more rapidly and with a smaller proportion of IgG antibodies.
c) rise more gradually and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.
d) rise more gradually and with a smaller proportion of IgG antibodies.
a) rise more rapidly and with a greater proportion of IgG antibodies.
What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
a) IgA, IgC, IgE, IgG, IgI
b) IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgS
c) IgB, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
d) IgA, IgB, IgC, IgD, IgE
e) IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM – think: “GAMED”
e) IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM – think: "GAMED".
When part of the immune system recognizes and binds to a foreign molecule, the part of the molecule to which binding occurs is called the epitope or __________ determinant
antigenic
Inflamed tissue feels warm due to
a) increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.
b) the margination of white blood cells.
c) chemotaxis and effervescence.
d) activation of complement by binding of C-reactive protein to bacterial carbohydrates.
a) increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity.
Proteins known as________ are produced by a variety of cells; they increase capillary permeability, increase CAM production in the endothelium and stimulate pain receptors. (CAM means cell adhesion molecules that bind epithelial cells to intercellular matrix; however, the role of CAMs in the inflammatory process is to direct elements of the immune system to the site of infection).
prostaglandins
Complement is also referred to by the acronym _____ due to its ability to punch holes in the plasma-membrane of bacterial cells and in doing so, lyse (destroy) them.
a) C (C for complement, right?)
b) IgG
c) IgM
d) MAC ~ “membrane attack complex”
e) NYC
d) MAC ~ "membrane attack complex"
Complement works together with our innate immunity and our adaptive immunity as well. In both cases, complement is made out of small_____ found in the blood, made by ______.
enzyms; liver
In addition to creating a physical barrier to pathogen entry, mucus contains antimicrobial substances such as IgA.
a) true b) false
a) true
Which of the following is not an action of interferon?
a) It stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells.
b) It triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral nucleic acids.
c) It signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and therefore should not be attacked. – the opposite is true
d) It binds to receptors of neighboring cells preventing them from being infected.
c) It signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and therefore should not be attacked. – the opposite is true
A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Direct attack and destruction of foreign or abnormal agents
C) Replication of antigens
D) Formation of memory cells
C) Replication of antigens
Which of the following lists the body’s first, second, and third lines of defense in order?
a) adaptive immunity, external innate immunity, internal immunity
b) external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity
c) external innate immunity, adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity
d) external adaptive immunity, internal adaptive immunity, innate immunity
e) innate immunity, internal adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity
b) external innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity
A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by
a) adaptive immunity
b) innate immunity
c) inflammation
d) complement
a) adaptive immunity
The microglia of the brain are macrophages.
a) true b) false
a) true
The antigen binding site is specific for what portion of the antigen?
a) the antigenic determinant
b) the epitope
c) the active site
d) the complement binding site
e) both a & b
e) both a & b
As T-lymphocytes leave the thymus, they are
a) naïve and not yet competent
b) naïve and immunocompetent
c) activated but not yet competent
d) activated and immunocompetent
b) naïve and immunocompetent
Erythrocytes are antigen-presenting cells.
a) seriously? (false) b) true
a) seriously? false
The site of infection is the location at which lymphocytes
a) are formed
b) provide an effector response
c) are activated
d) become able to recognize one specific foreign antigen
b) provide an effector response
The steps of B-cell development in order are?
a) maturation, differentiation, activation
b) activation, maturation, differentiation
c) differentiation, maturation, activation
d) Maturation, activation, differentiation
e) darn this question is wordy!
b) activation, maturation, differentiation
If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of
A) failed external adaptive immunity, but successful innate immunity.
B) failed innate immunity, but successful adaptive immunity.
C) failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
D) failed external immunity, but successful internal acquired immunity
C) failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.
. Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis?
A) Natural killer cells
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
E) Macrophages
A) Natural killer cells
Activation of lymphocytes occurs in
A) primary lymphatic structures.
B) secondary lymphatic structures.
C) tertiary lymphatic structures.
D) effectors such as muscles and glands.
B) secondary lymphatic structures.
In positive selection of T-lymphocytes, those cells that
A) bind self-antigens are eliminated.
B) can bind MHC survive.
C) bind to self-antigens survive.
D) bind to MHC class II are eliminated.
B) can bind MHC survive.
If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely
A) cause autoimmune disorders.
B) exhibit very delayed activity.
C) be unable to recognize a particular class of pathogen.
D) exhibit more negative membrane potentials.
A) cause autoimmune disorders.
Activation of a CD4+ cell requires an APC to present antigen with
A) MHC class II protein.
B) MHC class I protein.
C) CD8 protein.
D) a B cell receptor.
A) MHC class II protein.
The first signal during helper T-lymphocyte activation involves
A) BCR of the helper T-cell binding with free antigen and engulfing it.
B) CD8 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class III of the antigen-presenting cell.
C) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class I part of the antigen fragment.
D) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell.
D) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell.
The second signal during cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes.
a) true b) false
a) true
