psych 3 exam

Which of the following statements about reasoning is NOT true?

Multiple Choice

• There are three types of reasoning that we typically use.

• Reasoning is the mental process of turning information we receive into a conclusion.

• Inductive and deductive reasoning are both common ways of turning information we receive into a conclusion.

  • Reasoning can assist an individual in not jumping to conclusions by using what they already know to figure things out.

there are 3 types of reasoning that we typically use

Inductive Reasoning….

begins with specific observations and progresses analytically to broader generalizations and theories based on those observed cases.

Muhammad is 4. His family has a cat who is orange. Muhammad’s best friend, Aamir, also has a cat. Aamir’s cat is also orange. Muhammad, therefore, believes that all cats are orange. Muhammad has made an error in what kind of reasoning?

inductive reasoning

You have observed that you support political candidate A. All of your friends support political candidate A. If you use inductive reasoning, which of these conclusions are you likely to reach?

all individuals support candidate a

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

• My college bans handguns on campus, so all colleges and universities in the United States must ban handguns on campus.

• A researcher finds in his study that alcohol use improves his subjects’ coping with anxiety disorders. He wonders whether other individuals with anxiety disorders would have similar results.

• The couple in the apartment next door are always arguing. I can hear arguing outside, so it must be the couple from next door.

• The unemployment rate is at 5%, so 5% of my neighbors must be unemployed.

The unemployment rate is at 5%, so 5% of my neighbors must be unemployed.

A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n)

heuristic

The availability heuristic suggests that we do what..?

base the frequencies of events on the ease to which information regarding that event comes to mind.

People use heuristics because they..?

• save time.

• save cognitive energy.

• often lead to correct responses.

• all answers are correct

all answers are correct

Ellen's best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day, choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she, too, will win. What error in judgment is Ellen making?

Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act to increase our beliefs they will happen again even, when they don't.

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Multiple Choice

• John overhears that Sadie is an older woman who is kind, caring, and likes playing with children. He assumes that she is a grandmother.

• John meets a person named Summer who has blond hair and a tan. Summer is a vegetarian and likes to surf. John assumes Summer is from California.

• Gil puts two red balls and two blue balls in a bag. Blindfolded, he pulls out the first ball and it is red. Gil assumes the next ball he will pull out of the bag will be blue.

• Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub. Bill will now only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous.

• Matt is 5 feet 6 inches tall and his spouse, Tammy, is 5 feet 3 inches tall. Matt is convinced that their son Jake will be at least 5 feet 10 inches tall.

• Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub. Bill will now only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous.

What is “popcorn brain”

A brain that is so accustomed to the constant stimulation of electronic multitasking that it is unfit for life offline, where things pop at a much slower pace

When Clifford Nass, a social psychologist at Stanford, read stories to online multitaskers, they had difficulty in

• identifying the emotions on the faces of people in pictures.

• identifying the emotions of the people in the story.

• identifying what they would do to make the person in the story feel better.

• All answer choices are correct.

All are correct

The constant stimulation of technology can activate dopamine cells in the nucleus accumbens, which is a main

pleasure center of the brain.

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of _______ psychology.

cognitive

The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is _________.

thinking

You are thinking of how to play a hand in a poker game. In other words, you are using ______ to figure out what to do.

mental imagery

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people are called

concepts

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called..?

reasoning

Cognitive psychology is the study of

thought, language, memory and reasoning.

A computer uses its programming to mimic how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of

artificial intelligence

Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is 

thinking

According to research, the negative effect of technology on attention span is worst for which of the following?

Those whose only media use is video games

heavy media consumers

early adopters of new technology

those who use multiple media devices while watching television

heavy media consumers

early adopters of new technology

those who use multiple media devices while watching television

Which of the following are true of a mental image?

It can be auditory, as well as visual.

It is always visual.

It is some representation in the mind of an object or event.

It can be visual or auditory, but does not involve our other senses.

It can be auditory, as well as visual.

It is some representation in the mind of an object or event.

________ are cognitive categories that help us to better understand and remember complex information.

concepts

Which is the second of the three steps in problem solving?

production

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called

reasoning

In a(n) ______ problem, the specifics of the problem may be unclear and the information required to solve the problem may be unclear also.

ill-defined

What field examines how to use technology to imitate humanlike thinking?

artificial intelligence

Repeated testing for differences between what currently exists and the desired future is ________-ends analysis.

means

Which of the following best characterizes research on the effect of video gaming on thinking and attention?

Multiple choice question.

The research disproves accusations that video gaming negatively affects attention span.

The research shows that video gaming has no effect on cognitive skills or attention span.

The research is far from definitive.

The research definitively proves that gamers have better cognitive skills, but less attention.

The research is far from definitive.

You are thinking of how to play a hand in a poker game. In other words, you are using _______ to figure out what to do.

mental imagery

When there is no clear solution to a problem, and you are forced to choose the best of multiple imperfect solutions, what is a pitfall you should be aware of?

Preferring the solution you worked on

Which is the third of the three steps in problem solving?

judgement

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ______

functional fixedness

The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for well-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is _____

clear

unavailable

not clear

available

clear and available

The most frequently applied heuristic in problem solving is

means-end analysis.

__________ is the ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions.

creativity

T OR F:Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live.

TRUE

Which of the following are potential challenges in evaluating solutions to problems?

Problems never have a single correct answer.

People tend to overestimate the quality of their own solutions.

People's decision-making is influenced by a host of biases.

People tend to overestimate the quality of their own solutions.

People's decision-making is influenced by a host of biases.

_______ is the system of rules applied to language.

grammar

When an infant utters sounds such as "ma," "pa," and "me" more or less randomly, they are

babbling

The _____________ hypothesis suggests that our interpretation of the world is based on the words we use.

linguistic-relativity

___________ is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

language

Bilingual education occurs when students who are not native English speakers..?

learn some information in their native language and other information in English.

The system of rules that determine how one's thoughts can be expressed is called ______.

grammar

______ is the term for meaningless speechlike sounds uttered by infants.

babbling

The idea that language shapes the way people in particular cultures perceive and understand the world is known as the _______-________- hypothesis.

linguistic relativity

The fact that people who were generally good on one type of intelligence test were usually good on others lent support for the belief that

there was a general factor for intelligence.

Some recent psychological theories view intelligence as a multidimensional concept that includes different types of intelligence.

True/False?

True

When asked to solve an analogy or remember a set of numbers what type of intelligence is involved?

crystallized

Which type of intelligence would you use if you participated in a discussion about the experience of high school students in the United States?

Crystallized intelligence

Which of the following are part of the definition of intelligence?

Multiple select question.

To score within the normal range of a psychometrically sound intelligence test

To use resources effectively when faced with challenges

To think rationally

The capacity to understand the world

To use resources effectively when faced with challenges

To think rationally

The capacity to understand the world

Which of the following tasks best exemplify the use of crystallized intelligence?

Naming the capitol cities of European countries

Putting a puzzle together

Being able to think through a problem you have never confronted before

Participating in a discussion about the causes of poverty

Naming the capitol cities of European countries

Participating in a discussion about the causes of poverty

The single, general factor for mental ability that is assumed to underlie intelligence is _______-factor.

g

Whose theory proposes we all have eight types of intelligences to varying degrees?

Howard Gardner

More recent theories of intelligence see it as

multidimensional

When tasks require general global intelligence, ______ areas of the brain are involved than in tasks requiring more specific sorts of intelligence.

more

The specific type of intelligence that reflects a person's information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory is referred to as

fluid intelligence

The specific type of intelligence that represents learned skills and strategies is _____ intelligence.

crystallized

According to Sternberg, _____ intelligence would be useful if you were asked to come up with three solutions to a real everyday problem you were experiencing in your life.

practical

What type of intelligence is used when we are trying to rapidly solve a puzzle?

fluid

What are intelligence tests designed to do?

Quantify a person's level of intelligence

What theory states that intelligence is not a single concept but is composed of a minimum of eight different intelligences, each relatively independent of the others?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Reliability means a test

is consistent in its measurement.

The lateral prefrontal cortex in the brain is activated when people complete intelligence test question dealing with

verbal and spatial domains

When asked to solve a complex problem, such as solving an analogy, what type of intelligence is involved?

fluid

The intelligence related to one's overall success in living is ___________ intelligence.

practical

When trying to recommend music you would like, your friend asks you what books you like to read. You don't see how this is related to music taste therefore you are questioning the _______ of your friend's question.

validity

Identifying students in need of special attention in school or diagnosing specific learning difficulties, ______ tests can prove useful.

intelligence

A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills is known as

intellectual disability.

A test that returns similar scores each time it is administered to an individual is said to be highly ______

reliable

The primary preventable cause of intellectual disability in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy is

fetal alcohol syndrome.

Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of what brain structure?

cerebral cortex

The intellectually gifted are defined as those with IQ scores

greater than 130

When asked to solve an analogy or remember a set of numbers what type of intelligence is involved?

fluid

A __________-fair IQ test is one that does not discriminate between people from different backgrounds.

culture

________ is the degree to which genetics play a role in determining characteristics such as intelligence.

heritability

Mitchell has problems with judgment, interpreting social cues, and managing money. Mitchell would most likely be diagnosed with a(n) ____________ disability.

intellectual

The intellectually________ are the 2% to 4% of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.

gifted

An IQ test with questions based on experiences common to all cultures or with questions that don't require language usage is

culturally fair

A(n) ______-________ IQ test attempts to avoid discriminating against minority groups by assessing experiences common to all cultures or asking questions that don't require language usage.

culture-fair

American psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed that intelligence is a measure of

how you perform in the world every day.

Componential intelligence is also known as ______ intelligence.

analytical

Corbin recently received his annual evaluation at work. His boss described him as “very insightful, always full of new ideas during our meetings, and his work is full of inventive and imaginative touches.” What type of intelligence does Corbin most likely possess?

creative

Martin is thought of as being “street smart” rather than “book smart.” Martin could be described as having higher _______ intelligence and lower ________ intelligence.

practical; analytical

Which of the following is NOT a component described in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

• practical

• analytical

• interpersonal

  • creative

interpersonal

A single general ability that influences all areas of intellectual functioning is called the

g-factor

According to Gardner,

• intelligence is a complex set of abilities made up of several distinct but related domains.

• a single general ability underlies all of our abilities to adapt to our environment.

• intelligence cannot be measured by paper-and-pencil tests.

• intelligence cannot be improved with experience.

intelligence is a complex set of abilities made up of several distinct but related domains.

Jim loves the outdoors, and is interested in different types of plants and flowers. Jim also likes digging for fossils and old artifacts. Jim is most likely strong in which type of intelligence?

naturalist

Terry often gets lost when driving places, has difficulty understanding maps, and often confuses north with south. Terry is probably weak in which type of intelligence?

spatial

Anthea is people smart, good at reading the feelings and emotions of others, and can predict other people's intentions. According to Gardner, for which occupation is Anthea well suited?

• tour guide

• critic

• social worker

• author

social worker

It had long been believed that intelligence was a(n)_______ trait

Multiple Choice

• phenotypic.

• heritable.

• environmental.

  • normally distributed.

heritable

What caused older studies, which linked specific genes with intelligence, to have flaws?

• technological limits that prevented researchers from probing more than a few locations in the human genome

• an incomplete coding of the human genome, which limited researchers from knowing where to look for genetic variants

• a lack of understanding in prior generations that genetic variants do not contribute to intelligence

  • All answer choices are correct.

• technological limits that prevented researchers from probing more than a few locations in the human genome

The candidate gene method, which is the way researchers have been looking for genes related to intelligence, is likely to

produce false positives

includes all the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

motivation

explains the inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined and not learned.

instincts

According to drive-reduction approaches, we do things in order to

satisfy a biological need.

The _________ approach to motivation contends that we have a desired level of stimulation and will increase or decrease excitement as necessary to maintain that level.

arousal

Which of the following approaches to motivation best describes this example: Alyssa goes to a gourmet buffet filled with mouth-watering desserts and she samples all of them, even though she is not particularly hungry?

Multiple choice question.

Instinct

Arousal

Incentive

incentive

Motivation serves to _____ behavior.

energize and direct