anatomy summer exam 4

kidneys

bean-shaped organs that filter blood, separate wastes, return necessary substances to the blood, and forma urine. they also regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity

ureters

slender, muscular tubed that transport urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

a hollow, distensible muscular organ lined with transitional epithelium that serves as a temporary storage reservoir for urine

urethra

a thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder floor and conveys it out of the body

glomerular filtration rate

the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys, typically measured in milliliters per minute.

acidosis

a condition where the blood becomes too acidic due to a decrease in blood pH (below 7.35)a

alkalosis

a condition where the blood becomes too basic (alkaline) due to an increase in blood pH (above 7.45)

hyperkalemia

a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood, which can lead to muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and other complications.

hypokalemia

a medical condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood, potentially causing muscle cramps, weakness, and abnormal heart rhythms.

oliguria

a condition marked by abnormally low urine output, typically defined as less than 400 mL per day, which can indicate underlying health issues.

anuria

a condition characterized by the absence of urine production, typically defined as less than 100 mL of urine output per day, and may signify severe kidney dysfunction or failure.

polyuria

a condition characterized by excessive urine production, usually defined as more than 3 liters of urine output per day, often associated with diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

urochrome

a pigment that gives urine its yellow color, resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin and is affected by hydration and diet.

specific gravity

is a measure of the concentration of solutes in urine, indicating the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine and usually ranges from 1.005 to 1.030.

which kidney is located higher than the other?

The left kidney is located higher than the right kidney, due to the position of the liver.

renal papillae

bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine to the calyces.

osmolarity

is a measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution, typically expressed in osmoles per liter.

What is a normal GFR for both kidneys in one day?

125 ml/min

hydrostatic pressure

The pressure a fluid exerts due to its weight or movement

colloid osmotic pressure

is the pressure exerted by colloids in a solution, helping to retain water within the bloodstream.

glycosuria

The presence of glucose in the urine, often due to diabetes mellitus or renal tubule dysfunction.

natriuresis

The excretion of sodium in the urine, often in response to increased blood volume or pressure.