UCSPOL

Kinship

Means relationship based on blood or marriage. Society defines the its nature interaction by determining which kin are more socially important than others.

Consanguineal kin

kinship based on bloodline.

Affinal kin

kinship based on marriage.

Fictive Kinship

people who are not related by blood or marriage.

Descent

membership depends on common descent from a real or mythical ancestor.

Unilineal Descent

descent that establishes group membership through either the mother’s or father’s line, but not through both.

Matrilineal Descent

descent traced extensively through the female line to establish group membership

Patrilineal Descent

Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership

Cognatic descent

Descendants of an ancestors who enjoy membership of a common descent group by virtue of any combination of male and female linkages.     

Marriage

is an institution that admits men and women to family life and a formal prescription which defines the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other, their children, their relatives, and the society as a whole.      

Polygamy

marriage of a man to several women.

Polygyny

is a form of marriage on which one man marries more than one woman at  a given time.

Polyandry

is the marriage of one woman with more than one man. It is less common than polygyny.

Monogamy

is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman. It is the most common and acceptable form of marriage.

Group Marriage

is a type of marriage of two or more women with or more than. Here the husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole

**Ritual kinship**

in the form of god parenthood played an important role in strengthening and extending the ties of kinship as it did in much of Latin American Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism confirmation and marriage. The godparents were then tied to the parents as co-parents those chosen for child's baptism were considered the most important and great care was exercised in their selection

**Conjugal Family**

is a nuclear family of adult and their children (by birth or adoption)where the family relationship is principally focused inward and ties to extended kin are voluntary and based on emotional bonds rather than  strict duties and obligations. The spouses and their children are considered to be of prime importance and other more distant relatives less important. The marriage bond is important stressed.

Extended family

is simply a family until that extends past the nuclear family to include other relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents. It consists of two or more nuclear, families living together

The Family of Orientation

It is a group in which we are born and reared. It is the family where everyone grows up from.

**The Family of Pro-creation**

It is the family we establish when we marry and have children of our own.

Patriarchal

is one in which authority vested in the oldest man member in the family, the patriarch or the **father**.

Matriarchal

is one in which family authority is exercise by mother who dominates the household.

Egalitarian

family where both the husband and wife exercise equal amount of authority and enjoy the same rights and privileges. 

Patrilocal

is a family where in the newly-married couple lives with or near the home of the groom's parents.

Matrilocal

is a family where in the newly-married couple resides with or near of the bride's parents.

Bilocal

is a family where in the newly-weds choose to stay with either the groom or bride's parents.

Neolocal

is a family where in the couple resides independently from either groom or bride's parent.

Avunculocal

is a family where in the couple is prescribed to reside with or near the domicile of the maternal uncle of the groom.

Kinship Politics

is built based on the classic political principle "blood is thicker than water". It asserts that power should be distributed among family members. For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship connections and must be circulated among those who are tied by blood.

**Brutus syndrome**

politics is often replete with adversity, conflict, and betrayal, known as the

Religion

is a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects.

Religion

is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.

INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION

Also known as Organized Religion, it is a social institution in which belief systems and rituals are systematically arranged and formally established.

INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION

Is typically characterized by an official doctrine, a hierarchal or bureaucratic leadership structure, and a codification of rules and practices

Religious beliefs

are expressed in the form of doctrines, articles of faith and the like.

Religious symbols

is used to emphasize the character and meaning of supernatural forces and mysteries.

Rituals

These included the offering of human and non-human sacrifices, feasts, dances, processionals, chanting, and birth or death rites. Also include prayer, song, and meditation.

Rituals

To apply it, these are performed. This is a form of contact to the forces beyond human understanding to draw favorable responses from followers.

Magic and Supernatural Events

The employment of this is performed and the these occurrences employed in certain aspects or circumstances.

Hierarchy

Many religions are characterized by hierarchical arrangement of personnel.

OTHER FEATURES OF RELIGION

•SACRED/RELIGIOUS TEXT



•METHOD OF SALVATION



•ETHICS



•MATERIAL EXPRESSION



•PLACE OF WORSHIP



•CENTRAL MYTH/STORIES

ANIMISM from Latin *anima* ‘life, soul’ + -ism

•Is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, this religion perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork and perhaps even words—as animated and alive

Hinduism

According to historians, the **origin** of **this religion** dates back to 5,000 years or more. At one time, it was believed that the basic tenets of **this religion** were brought to India by the Aryans who invaded the Indus Valley civilization and settled along the banks of the Indus river about 1600 BCE.

Buddhism

a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama in northeastern India in the 5th century BC. It is a tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development. This religion strives for a deep insight into the true nature of life and do not worship gods or deities

**Buddha**, **Siddhartha Gautama**

Buddhists seek to reach a state of nirvana, following his path, who went on a quest for Enlightenment around the sixth century BC.

FOUR NOBLE TRUTH

1\.DUKKHA

2\.SAMUDAYA

3\.NIRODHA

4\.MAGA

Dukkha

life is suffering and unending

Samudaya

there is suffering because of pleasure/craving

Nirodha

we can rid of suffering, if we can eliminate craving

Maga

we can eliminate suffering if we follow the 8 fold path

Right View

(Samma - ditthl) awareness of the law of karma and the four noble truths

Right thought

(samma - sankappa) avoiding thoughts of anger, greed, and illicit desires

RIght Speech

(samma - vaca) avoding lies, unind speech, and frivolous talk

Right Action

(samma - kammanto) avoiding evil acts, those against the Five Percepts

RIght Livelihood

(samma - ajivo) avoiding lifestyles and occupation that harm oneself and other beings

Right Effort

(samma - vayamo) Doing one’s best in doing good things at the right time

Right Mindfulness

(sammi - sati) learning to be attentive to the present moment

Right Concentration

(samma - samadhi) training the mind to be focused and calm

Islam

An Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers or 24% of the world's population, most commonly known as Muslims.

The Shahadah (Declaration of faith)

Trusting and understanding the words of the Shahadah. The Shahadah means there is no other god except Allah(one God) and Prophet Muhammad is the messenger/prophet of Allah. The Shahadah can be recited when a person chooses to convert to Islam as the words in the Shahadah are the key fundamental beliefs in Islam.

Prayer (Salah)

Praying five times a day, kneeling towards Mecca. There are specific ritualistic movements and prayers that are said.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm)

Islamic Fasting is not eating or drinking beverages when the sun is out, only when the moon is out.

Charity or alms-giving (Zakat)

Each year a Muslim should give money to charity (Usually 2.5% of their savings). If a person does not have much money, they can give services to others instead

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca.

CHRISTIANITY

is a monotheistic faith based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and savior of all people, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament.

Christianity

began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the 1st century in the Roman province of Judea. Jesus' apostles and their successors, the Apostolic Fathers, spread the religion across large parts of the Middle East, Europe, Ethiopia, Transcaucasia, and some other parts of Asia, despite initial persecution. 

MONOTHEISM

believes in a single god, the one true god alone is to be worship. (e.g. Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism)

POLYTHEISM

Belief of multiple deities, gods and goddesses, there are numerous deities, each worthy of worship. (e.g. Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto, Taoism)

SEPARATION OF STATE AND CHURCHES

**Church** and **state** in medieval Europe. Separation of **church** and **state**, political and legal doctrine that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate. Philosophic and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the nation state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular state (with or without legally explicit church–state separation) and to disestablishment, the changing of an existing, formal relationship between the church and the state.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Is the systematic study of the state and government, it is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

**Is any entity that is involved in the political process. Political organization includes political institution , political parties, and political groups e.g advocacy groups, interest group, etc.**

BAND

is a basic social unit found in many foraging societies.

TRIBES

comprise several bands or lineage groups. They share a similar language and lifestyle.

CHIEFDOMS

is a political unit headed of by a chief, who holds power over more than one community group. With more than one community involved, chiefdoms are usually more densely populated.

STATE

is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite potion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.

Legal authority

**is based on a system of rules that is applied administratively and judicially in accordance with known principles**

Traditional authority

**is based on a system in which authority is legitimate because it “has always existed”. People in power usually enjoy it because they have inherited it.**

Charismatic authority

is based on the charisma of the leader, who shows that he possesses the right to lead by virtue of magical powers, prophecies, heroism, etc.’

Economic Organization

is defined as the act of coordinating the other factors of production - land and the capital. It is performed by the entrepreneur described as the “captain of industry.

Property

is best understood as a socially acknowledged right rather than as a material object. It involves the right of ownership which differs from a simple possession over goods or commodities.

Economic Exchange

is the process by which individuals and organizations give each other valuable good and services in return for different goods and services.

Division of Labor

it refers to the distribution of work in reference to age, gender, skill, or qualification. In an economic organization, tasks are specialized and there is interdependence among the various statuses and roles.

Economic Socialization

it is the process by which people learn the values and behavior needed to fill positions in the economic community

Price

it refers to the monetary value of goods and services. It is determined by the interplay of supply and demand.

Law of Supply and Demand

it states that when demand is greater than supply, the prices increases and when supply is greater that demands, price decreases

Sole Proprietorship

it is also known as “one man - business”. It is an **economic organization in which the proprietor solely manages the business and undertakes the risks of the businesses. The proprietor owns capital and performs all the functions of an entrepreneur.**

Partnership

**It is a type of economic organization where business is carried on by two or more men called partners. It is a business arrangement in which two or more individuals share the capital, profits, and liabilities of a business venture.**

Corporation

**It is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that an individual possesses’ that is, a corporation has the right to enter into contracts, loan and often referred to as a “legal person”.**

Cooperatives

**It is a business organization which is established for the purpose of providing services on a non-profit basis to its shareholders or members who own and control it.**

Credit Cooperative

**It is the one that promotes and undertakes savings and lending services among its members.**

Consumer’s Cooperative

**It is the one of the primary purpose of which is to procure and distribute commodities to members and non-members.**

Producer’s Cooperative

**It is the one that undertakes a joint production whether agricultural or industrial.**

Marketing Cooperative

It is the one which engages in the supply of production inputs to members and markets their products

Service Cooperative

**It is the one which engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance, housing, labor, electric, light and power, communication, professional and other services.**

Multipurpose Cooperative

**It is the one which combines two (2) or more of the business activities of these different types of cooperatives.**

Health

most would define it as “the absence of disease.” And in Fact, if you look up “health” in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, you’ll find a very similar definition of being sound in body , mind, or spirit, especially: freedom from physical disease or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of absence of disease or infirmity”

PROPER DIET

For keeping good health, we should take a balanced diet containing required amount of essential nutrients like proteins, vitamins, etc.

PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC HYGIENE

* A) To keep good health, a person should clean his body regularly by bath. Once should also change clothes regularly.


* B) We should wash our hands thoroughly with soap and water before eating food and also after going diet.
* C) The food should be kept away from the reach of flies and other insects. The utensils used for cooking and food service should also be kept clean.

CLEAN FOOD,WATER AND AIR

* A.)For keeping good health, we should wash the food grains, fruits and vegetables with clean water before using them.



* B) For those who are using deep well, filter and boil the water before drinking to make it clean and eliminate the disease-causing bacteria.



* C) Pure air is necessary for keeping good health. We should use well ventilated places for work and living to avoid air population.

REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND WALK

Is also necessary to keep the body fit and remain healthy. Getting  the appropriate amount of exercise benefits nearly of a person’s health. Not only does exercise help control weight, It also improves mental health, mood, chances of living longer, and the strength of your bones and muscles.