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Allegory
A narrative in which characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities

Alliteration
The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words in close proximity

Allusion
A reference to a well-known person, event, place, or work of art

Anachronism
An element in a story that is out of place in time

Antagonist
A character or force that opposes the protagonist

Apostrophe
A figure of speech in which a speaker addresses an absent person, idea, or object

Asyndeton
The omission of conjunctions between words or phrases

Antithesis
an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each othe

Anthropomorphism
Giving human characteristics to animals or non-human things

Archetype
A typical character, action, or situation representing universal patterns

Catharsis
The emotional release experienced by the audience

Chiasmus
A rhetorical structure in which words or concepts are reversed

Climax
The point of greatest tension or turning point in a story

Connotation
The emotional or cultural meaning associated with a word

Denotation
The literal or dictionary definition of a word

Dramatic irony
When the audience knows something the characters do not

Dystopia
An imagined society characterized by suffering or oppression

Ethos
An appeal to credibility or character

Euphemism
A mild expression used in place of a harsh one

External conflict
A struggle between a character and an outside force

Flashback
A scene that shows events from the past

Flashforward
A scene that jumps ahead to future events

Foil
A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits

Foreshadowing
Hints or clues about events that will happen later

Hyperbole
Extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect

Internal conflict
A struggle within a character's mind

Juxtaposition
Placing ideas side by side to emphasize contrast

Logos
An appeal to logic or reason

Malapropism
The humorous misuse of a word that sounds similar to another

Metaphor
A direct comparison between two unlike things

Metonymy
Referring to something by something closely associated with it

Motif
A recurring symbol or idea in a literary work

Nemesis
A character or force that causes the downfall of another

Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate sounds

Oxymoron
A combination of contradictory terms

Paradox
A statement that seems contradictory but reveals a truth

Pathos
An appeal to emotion
Personification
Giving human qualities to non-human things

Point of View
The perspective from which a story is told

Polysyndeton
The repeated use of conjunctions in a sentence

Protagonist
The main character in a story

Pun
A play on words based on multiple meanings or sounds

Rhetorical question
A question asked to make a point rather than get an answer

Setting
The time and place of a story

Simile
A comparison using "like" or "as"

Situational irony
When what happens is the opposite of what is expected

Symbolism
The use of symbols to represent ideas

Synecdoche
A figure of speech where a part represents the whole

Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases in sentences

Theme
The central message or insight of a work

Tone
The author's attitude toward the subject

Truism
A statement that is obviously true

Understatement
Making something seem less important than it is

Utopia
An imagined perfect society

Verbal irony
Saying one thing but meaning the opposite

Verisimilitude
The appearance of truth or realism

Zeugma
A word that governs two others in different ways
